Atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a relatively common but clinically underestimated disorder, which is characterized by an increased atrial size and dysfunction. Previously, ACM was considered a primary disorder, but in 2016 this concept was revised by European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) working group with inclusion of secondary atrial remodeling. The EHRA document details aspects of atrial anatomy and pathophysiology, proposes definitions of ACM, histological classification, outlines the molecular mechanisms of atrial arrhythmia and the problems of personalized treatment and optimization of indications for catheter ablation.Practical application of the proposed ACM classification system, the clinical significance of novel ACM concept and the potential role of this information for a practitioner are presented in this article. Two clinical cases of ACM with “primary” (familial form of ACM due to NPPA gene mutation with primary defect in atrial structure and function) and “secondary” atrial remodeling (ACM caused by a longterm supraventricular tachyarrhythmias due to SCN1B gene mutation).
Recent multicenter studies using high-tech cardiac imaging and novel translational technologies have shown that cardiac fibrofatty replacement, characteristic of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), is observed in both ventricles; left ventricular (LV) involvement may be minimal, on par with the right ventricle (RV), or dominant. In 2019, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) proposed a new approach to the assessment of arrhythmic and genetic diseases with the inclusion of new phenotypes — left-dominant ACM and biventricular ACM. In 2020, to improve the diagnosis of left ventricular phenotypes, European experts revised ACM criteria (based on the 2010 ITF criteria), which are called the Padua criteria.The presented article highlights the clinical and genetic aspects of the new concept and the difficulties in ACM diagnosis, the practical experience of using new diagnostic algorithm. To help practitioners, step-by-step differential diagnosis and risk stratification of right and left ventricular phenotypes are presented using clinical examples (leftdominant ACM with a pathogenic variant in the LMNA gene; right-dominant ACM associated with a desmoplakin gene mutation, with predominant RV and moderate LV involvement; and an isolated RV ACM associated with a mutation in the plakophilin 2 gene).
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex, etiologically heterogeneous myocardial disease, which is one of the main causes of heart failure and heart transplantation. In 2016, experts from the European working group proposed a new definition of cardiomyopathy, which includes intermediate variants with a change in phenotype in carriers of mutations from subclinical form to the full manifestations of the disease. The classification of DCM was supplemented with intermediate phenotypes with the inclusion of a hypokinetic form with reduced contractile function without ventricular dilatation and variants with predominant dilation or arrhythmogenicity. Pathological architectonics of DCM consists of many genetic determinants that interact with numerous environmental factors. Clinical manifestations depend not only on the malignancy and penetrance of the gene mutation, but also on a number of other causes — epigenomic factors, age, toxic effects, environmental aggressiveness, pregnancy, and the effects of other acquired diseases. The article summarizes the current epidemiological data and ideas about specific molecular changes with an unfavorable prognosis. For clarity, we present clinical observations of familial DCM with mutations in the RBM20 and LMNA genes.
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) is a rare heart disease characterized by a two-layered ventricular wall, comprising a thinner compact epicardial layer and an inner non-compacted layer. However, only structural and morphological data without a thorough clinical assessment does not determine the NCM (regardless of the diagnostic criterion used).Aim. To study the NCM-related genes, phenotypic and genetic correlations, predictors of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) and adverse clinical outcomes.Material and methods. Of 93 individuals with identified morphological criteria of NCM (median follow-up, 5 years), the study included 60 unrelated patients (38,5±13,8 years of age; men, 33 (55%); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 42,1±12,9%) with clinical verification of NCM (>1 obligate phenotypic trait). Adverse cardiovascular events were taken as the composite end point: life-threatening VTA, death, heart transplantation.Results. Pathogenic (or probably pathogenic) mutations were detected in 33 (55%) patients with NCM. The most common variants (57,9%) were identified in the sarcomere protein genes (TTN, MYBPC3, MYH7); digenic mutations were found in 21,6% of patients. Digenic mutations were associated with low LVEF and the highest risk of systolic dysfunction (OR, 38; 95% CI, 4,74-305; p=0,0001). Multivariate regression provided a predictive model (R=0,90; R2=0,81; F (5,41) =34,8; p<0,0001) and independent predictors of adverse clinical outcomes of NCM (genetic cause of the disease (pathogenic mutation), LV systolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis in 2 or more ventricular segments, and QRS prolongation. Regression and ROC-analysis identified electrical predictors of life-threatening VTA (fragmented QRS, QT prolongation, spatial QRS-T angle increase) and morphofunctional markers (myocardial fibrosis, systolic dysfunction).Conclusion. The study revealed a significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity of NCM with predominant mutations in the sarcomeric protein genes and determined the criteria for identification and prognosis of NCM.
Карвахаль (Carvajal) синдром является генетически детерминированным заболеванием с аутосомнодоминантным или аутосомно-рецессивным типом наследования [1]. Основными фенотипическими проявлениями синдрома Карвахаль (СК) являются сердечная патология в виде дилатационной кардиомиопатии (ДКМП) и специфические изменения кожно-волосяного покрова с шерстисто-курчавыми волосами и ладонно-подошвенным гиперкератозом [2]. Встречаются и другие дополнительные при
Поиск эффективных методов стратификации риска для выявления пациентов с высоким риском жизнеопасных желудочковых тахиаритмий (ЖТА) и внезап-ной аритмической смерти является актуальной задачей практического здра-воохранения и приоритетным научным направлением. Цель. Целью исследования явилась разработка математической модели и алгоритма индивидуализированной оценки риска развития внезапной сер-дечной смерти (ВСС) у пациентов с дилатационной кардиомиопатией (ДКМП). Материал и методы. В исследование включили 165 пациентов с верифици-рованной ДКМП (средний возраст 49,2±11,5 лет; 135/81,8% мужчин; ФК NYHA 2,67±0,45; фракция выброса ЛЖ 26,7±10,1%; период наблюдения 46,7±12,5 месяцев). С помощью оригинальной компьютерной программы "Интекард 7" по данным 7-мин регистрации ЭКГ-12 оценивали маркеры электрической нестабильности миокарда -микровольтную альтернацию Т волны (мАТВ), турбулентность сердечного ритма (ТСР), дисперсию интервалов QT и JT, уско-рение и замедление сердечного ритма. В качестве первичных конечных точек для многофакторного анализа Кокса были приняты: устойчивая желудочковая тахикардия (ЖТ) или фибрилляция желудочков, шоковые разряды импланти-рованных устройств и документированная ВСС. Анализировали клинические, электрокардиографические, эхокардиографические данные и результаты молекулярно-генетического исследования гена ламина A/C (LMNA). Результаты. В результате многофакторного регрессионного анализа выяв-лены 2 кумулятивных независимых предиктора (HR 5,23; 95% ДИ 1,9; р=0,013) жизнеугрожающих ЖТА событий у пациентов с ДКМП: пароксизмы неустойчивой ЖТ (≥5 желудочковых комплексов с ЧСС ≥150 уд./мин) и измене-ния гена LMNA (миссенс мутации и полиморфизм 10 экзона rs4641). С помощью бинарного логит-регрессионного анализа независимых факторов риска (ЖЭС, нЖТ, мАТВ, ТСР, JTd и GLS ЛЖ) построена модель бинарной регрессии (F=31,2; χ 2 =143,2; p=0,0000) и разработан алгоритм оценки риска ВСС, позволяющие с высокой прогностической значимостью (OR 470; чувствительность 80,8%, специфичность 99,1%) корректно классифицировать до 93,9% случаев ДКМП. Заключение. Предложенный алгоритм оценки риска ВСС является неинва-зивной, индивидуализированной, доступной в выполнении и в интерпретации технологией, позволяющей стратифицировать пациентов с высоким риском жизнеопасных ЖТА с помощью стандартных клинико-инструментальных мето-дов исследований (ЭКГ, Эхо-КГ и ХМ ЭКГ). Применение оригинальной модели риск-стратификации позволит оптимизировать тактику лечения пациентов с ДКМП и стратегию выбора потенциальных кандидатов для имплантации кардиовертер-дефибриллятора с целью первичной профилактики ВСС. AN INDIVIDUALIZED RISK ASSESSMENT OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN DILATION CARDIOMYOPATHY PATIENTSSearch for effective methods of risk stratification in patients with higher risk of lifethreatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) and sudden cardiac death is important task for applied healthcare and a priority scientific field. Aim. To invent a mathematic model and algorithm of individualized risk assessment for sudden cardiac death (...
Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is characterized by hypertrabecularity (thickened non-compact layer) with deep intertrabecular recesses that are continuous with the ventricle cavity, and a thin compact layer. The phenotypes of LVNС are extremely variable: the left or right ventricular variant, biventricular form, LVNC with symptoms of heart failure or arrhythmia, asymptomatic forms or variants with thromboembolic events. In 30–50 % of patients with LVNC genetic mutations of genes encoding sarcomeric or cytoskeletal proteins are revealed by a genetic study. The article presents a literature review on the problems of diagnosis, visualization, pathogenesis, variability of clinical manifestations of LVNC and its genetic heterogeneity. Clinical cases demonstrating LVNC as a concomitant anatomical syndrome due to monogenic Danone disease, as well as the family cardiomyopathy with the digenic inheritance of two phenotypes (LVNC with DCM) and the unique case of peripartum evolution of the acquired LVNC syndrome, all these cases are reflect the current uncertainty regarding to the pathogenesis and significance of LVNC. The main question is whether LVNC is a distinct cardiomyopathy or a morphologic trait and a composite anatomical syndrome of congenital heart disease or other cardiomyopathies (DCM, HCM, ARVC) remains controversial. Achievement of professional consensus guidelines about unification of diagnostic criteria and risk-stratification of LVNC, improvement of visualization tools and expansion of genetic testing will help to significantly expand our knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical significance and prognosis of LVNC for optimization of the treatment strategy
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