Study design Retrospective population-based cohort study. Objectives To characterise the epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) among the inhabitants of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Setting All hospitals in Saint Petersburg. Methods Charts for all individuals admitted to city hospitals from 1st January 1 2012 to 31st December 2016 with acute TSCI were reviewed. Incidence rates were calculated for the whole period and for each year separately. Gender-specific and age-specific incidence rates were calculated, and epidemiological characteristics and possible risk factors were analysed. Results A total of 361 people were identified. The average annual incidence rate was 17.6 per million, varying from 21.2 (2013) to 13.6 (2016), and 70.9% were men. Mean age at injury was 42.1 years. Injuries from falls represented 49.8% of cases, and motor vehicle accidents 18.9%. The male:female ratio in the low-falls group was 1.2:1, and among the elderly patients, it was 0.5:1. Lesions at the cervical level were involved in 49.3%, thoracic in 24.7%, and lumbar/sacral in 23.5%. TSCI was complete in 16.9%. Concomitant injuries occurred in 47.2% of cases, and traumatic brain injuries in 37.7%. Conclusion TSCI incidence decreased during the observation period and was 2.4 times more common among men than women. In half of the cases, injuries involved the cervical level, and a fall was the most frequent injury cause. Elderly women more often had falls from a low height than men. Multiple injuries-most frequently traumatic brain injuries-were common.

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Recently, a large amount of evidence has been obtained on the possible involvement of inflammatory processes in epileptogenesis. Thus, in a number of studies, an increase in the synthesis of specific inflammatory mediators in the brain of patients and, accordingly, the activation of some pro-inflammatory pathways in the foci of seizures, as well as the participation of oxidative stress, was found. There was also information that some chronic infections, such as neurocistercosis, HIV and herpes, without causing acute cerebral pathology, can provoke epileptic seizures and even the formation of refractory epilepsy in the future. This review summarizes the experimental and clinical data from studies on the relationship between epilepsy and chronic infectious diseases and neuroinflammation.

This article is dedicated to the impact of dysfunction of the basal cholinergic system on the state of cognitive functions in various diseases of the brain. domestic and foreign literature is completely reviewed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of dysfunction cholinergic system of the brain are described in myasthenia gravis. Modern approaches in the treatment of cognitive impairment with using central cholinomimetics are described.