Background. Lymphogenous metastasis in Ewing sarcoma is a relatively rare and poorly studied event associated with aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. Until now, no risk factors for lymphogenous metastasis in patients with Ewing sarcoma are reported.The purpose of the study was to evaluate tumor characteristics as predictors for lymphogenous metastasis and to create a mathematical model for assessing the risk of developing lymph node metastases in patients with Ewing sarcoma.Material and Methods. Clinical characteristics of the tumor were studied in 88 patients with Ewing sarcoma: in 8 patients with lymphogenous metastasis and in 80 patients having no lymphogenous metastasis. The primary tumor in all patients with lymphogenous metastasis was found to have an extraskeletal origin. Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor were studied in 31 patients with Ewing sarcoma: in 8 patients with lymphogenous metastasis and in 23 patients without lymphogenous metastasis.Results. Statistical analysis and comparative evaluation of the characteristics of the immunophenotype and histological pattern of the tumor in the two studied groups showed significant differences regarding several of them: the structure of nuclear crowding (fusion of nuclei), focal hemorrhages, nuclear normochromasia, and positive expression of cytokeratins by tumor cells. The above signs (except for nuclear normochromasia) were the basis for creating a mathematical model capable of predicting the risk of lymphogenous metastases in Ewing sarcoma.Conclusion. The revealed association with lymphogenous metastasis of cytokeratin expression can be considered as indirect confirmation of the pathogenetic significance of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition in the mechanism of lymphogenous metastasis.
Введение. Гигантоклеточная опухоль кости (ГКО) выявляется в 4-9,5 % всех первичных костных опухолей и является наиболее частой доброкачественной первичной костной опухолью. До настоящего времени методом выбора в лечении ГКО считалось оперативное вмешательство. Однако в последние годы для лечения данной опухоли используют генноинженерный препарат -деносумаб, являющийся по механизму действия остеомоделирующим агентом. Наиболее объективным методом оценки эффективности проведенного лечения является морфологическое исследование операционного материала. Однако в определенных ситуациях необходимо иметь сведения об эффективности консервативной терапии на этапах ее реализации. Цель исследования -сопоставить выявленные при КТ-денситометрии изменения с данными морфологического исследования у пациентов с гигантоклеточной опухолью кости при применении деносумаба. Материал и методы. В исследование включены 30 пациентов, в возрасте 28-59 лет, с морфологически верифицированным диагнозом гигантоклеточной опухоли, получивших комбинированное лечение таргетным препаратом деносумаб с последующей операцией в объеме различного вида резекций. Оценивались структура опухоли на этапах проведения терапии деносумабом, а также морфологические препараты после резекций. Результаты. Выявлена зависимость между результатами КТ-денситометрии и данными морфологического исследования операционного материала. Выводы. С помощью КТ-денситометрии возможно предсказать выраженность терапевтического патоморфоза.Ключевые слова: гигантоклеточная опухоль кости, деносумаб, КТ-денситометрия, морфология.
The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the technique for volumetric tumor segmentation based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in predicting and assessing the response to chemotherapy in patients with bladder cancer (BC). Material and Methods. We examined 26 patients with morphologically verified transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The group was characterized by the presence of one or several tumors with a size of 17 to 46 mm. Before planning chemotherapy according to the M-VAC scheme, a study and post-processing of DW-MRI with volumetric segmentation of lesions, assessment of the volume and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the entire tumor mass were performed. According to the ADC data, shape of the tumor and its relation to the bladder wall, the coefficient (C) for predicting the response to chemotherapy was calculated. Results. In the cases with a coefficient value below 0.51, a high risk of treatment failure was predicted, at C≥0.74, a positive effect of treatment was predicted. With a value of 0.51≤C<0.74, the prognosis was uncertain, stabilization was more likely. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were 92.3 % and 92.4 %, respectively. Conclusion. The method of volumetric segmentation makes it possible to predict and evaluate bladder cancer response to chemotherapy with a sufficiently high accuracy. The advantages of the method are the possibility of assessing the tumor regardless of the degree of filling of the bladder, with non-contrast MRI, and with large lesions.
Background: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a relatively common benign bone tumor, accounting for 4–9.5 % of all primary bone neoplasms. Localization of GCTB is one of the most important differential diagnostic criteria, since the tumor affects certain parts of the skeleton. Until now, surgical treatment was considered the method of choice in the treatment of GCTB. However, in recent years, denosumab, a genetically engineered drug, has been widely used to treat this tumor. Denosumab treatment of GCTB prevents further tumor progression and reduces tumor size. Histological examination of the surgical specimen is undoubtedly the most objective method for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment. However, it is sometimes necessary to get information regarding the effectiveness of conservative therapy.Purpose: To analyze the density characteristics of denosumab-treated GCTB using CT densitometry.Material and methods: The study included 15 patients aged 28–59 years with histologically verified giantcell tumor, who received denosumab treatment followed by surgery. Tumor structure was assessed before starting denosumab therapy, after 3 and 6 courses of denosumab therapy.Results: Changes in the density parameters (the mean tumor density, standard deviation of density, increase in the median tumor density and standard deviation of density, index of the relative density of the tumor) measured by CT images were analyzed. These changes were statistically significant in GCTB patients before initiating therapy with denosumab, and after 3 and 6 courses of denosumab therapy.Conclusion: Thus, CT densitometry is a useful tool for assessing the density characteristics of the tumor in GCS patients treated denosumab.
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