Background. Lymphogenous metastasis in Ewing sarcoma is a relatively rare and poorly studied event associated with aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. Until now, no risk factors for lymphogenous metastasis in patients with Ewing sarcoma are reported.The purpose of the study was to evaluate tumor characteristics as predictors for lymphogenous metastasis and to create a mathematical model for assessing the risk of developing lymph node metastases in patients with Ewing sarcoma.Material and Methods. Clinical characteristics of the tumor were studied in 88 patients with Ewing sarcoma: in 8 patients with lymphogenous metastasis and in 80 patients having no lymphogenous metastasis. The primary tumor in all patients with lymphogenous metastasis was found to have an extraskeletal origin. Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumor were studied in 31 patients with Ewing sarcoma: in 8 patients with lymphogenous metastasis and in 23 patients without lymphogenous metastasis.Results. Statistical analysis and comparative evaluation of the characteristics of the immunophenotype and histological pattern of the tumor in the two studied groups showed significant differences regarding several of them: the structure of nuclear crowding (fusion of nuclei), focal hemorrhages, nuclear normochromasia, and positive expression of cytokeratins by tumor cells. The above signs (except for nuclear normochromasia) were the basis for creating a mathematical model capable of predicting the risk of lymphogenous metastases in Ewing sarcoma.Conclusion. The revealed association with lymphogenous metastasis of cytokeratin expression can be considered as indirect confirmation of the pathogenetic significance of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition in the mechanism of lymphogenous metastasis.
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor with histologic similarities to primary bone osteosarcoma. However, there are distinct differences in epidemiology, imaging features, biological characteristics, prognosis, and management compared with osteogenic osteosarcoma. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is usually characterized as high-grade neoplasm with clinically aggressive behavior, poor prognosis, frequent recurrence/lymphogenic metastatsis, and resistence to chemotherapy. A noteworthy feature of extraskeletal osteosarcoma is the fact that almost all existing biological phenomena described in mesenchymal oncopathology (except primary-multiple lesions) are present in this tumor, namely: secondary malignancy, association with syndromes, partial spontaneous regression of the tumor, dedifferentiation, bone invasion, biphasic pathology. In this paper, we have discussed in detail the tumor morphology, histological subtypes, prognostic factors and differential diagnosis.
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