The analysis of the experimental data obtained in stationary field experiments in the conditions of northern Steppe in the estimation of erosion-preventive resistance of various biotechnological systems is given. The main factors of the erosion-preventive regulation were 5-field grain-row crop rotation, different methods of base cultivation of soil and direct sowing, as well as plant mulch as a protective screen on the field surface. In the research the new methods and characteristics of reaction of the soil on the displays of water erosion which include the methods of packet monolith, traps and water absorbtion capacity of soil are used. Such a scientific instrument has allowed to estimate objectively and promptly the level of erosive safety at all stages of organogenesis of agricultural crops and at pauses between vegetation. It has been experimentally established that the greatest threat of erosive degradation of soils in the agrotechnological aspect represent the phytocenotic density of crops, the activity of soil tillage implements, the absence of mulching screen, the tread condition of soil surface. It has been proved that the application of chisel disk cultivation of soil and No-till under spring barley and winter wheat in comparison with the most erosion-dangerous element-plowing in bare fallow reduces the displays of water erosion in 2,4-3,3 times. On sowings of row crops with an increased level of erosion threat, soil protective methods of basic cultivation can reduce soil washoff by 1,5-2,2 times. The mechanics of soil movement in the arable layer have been discovered, depending on the design of the tools of the soil-cultivating units. A mobile way of determining the depth of precipitation moisture infiltration by means of differentiation of the arable layer in accordance with soil hardness index is proposed. Priority of erosion-preventive agro-technological measures should be maintained despite the reduction of grain yield by 5-11% and the need for some modernization of farm crop growing technologies.
We determined that the structure of phytocenosis of weeds in corn crops caused by the influence of their adaptive ability and structure of crop areas in crop rotation. The basis of the dominance of weeds in the species structure is the resistance to herbicides, wide range of similarity, morphological plasticity, and the presence of non-toxic signs. The application of the technology of corn cultivation of small, non-field multicultural soil cultivation (chiseling, flattening loosening) leads to strong increase in the level of permeation by 1.4-1.8 times, which in turn requires the additional rules for soil treatment and postemerged herbicides that reliably control the corn productivity. It has been proved that field plowing and chiseling together with the introduction of the N30P30K30 had minimal advantage on the corn grain yields in non-fertilized conditions due to better nutritional conditions and lower levels of perennial crops. The most effective soil treatment was the shallow and flattening loosening of the chip which under increase of nitrogen content (N60P30K30) caused by corn fertilization allows us to obtain the same yield concerning the plowing and chiseling. The methods of basic soil cultivation under low level of feed infestation (9.0-12.6 pieces/m²) did not have significant effect on the quality of corn grain. The introduction of mineral fertilizers (especially nitrogen) increases the tendency to increase the protein content in the grain (proteins) and reduce the content of carbohydrates, especially the starch. Key words: corn; multicultural soil cultivation; weediness; fertilization; mineral fertilizers; crop capacity Динаміка чисельності бур'янів і їх видового складу в агроценозах кукурудзи залежно від обробітку грунту та удобрення в північному степу України Встановлено, що формування структури фітоценозу бур'янів в посівах кукурудзи відбувається під впливом їх адаптивної здатності та структури посівних площ в сівозміні. Основою домінування бур'янів у видовій структурі є стійкість до гербіцидів, широкий діапазон схожості, морфологічна пластичність і наявність неотенічних ознак. Застосування в технології вирощування кукурудзи мілкого безполицевого мульчувального обробітку ґрунту (чизелювання, плоскорізне розпушування) призводить до підвищення рівня забур'яненості в 1,4-1,8 рази, що в свою чергу потребує додаткового
In the agriculture of the Ukrainian Steppe was increased the potential weediness of chernozems in the arable soil layer of vegetative and seed reproductive organs. The soil is considered to be pure, in the arable layer of which there are less than 1 thousand/ha of roots perennial and 10 million pcs./ha of germinative seeds of annual weeds. Due to the excessive potential weediness of soil in bare fallows and in sowing of row crops during the vegetative period, it may appear on 1 m² to 1.5-2.0 thousand shoots of annual and 15-30 sprouts or shoots of perennial weeds. Analysis of the state of potential weediness of soils of different pedogenesis and ecological and technogenic history showed that human interference in ecological and landscape complexes in the form of agricultural activity is accompanied by a significant increase in the reserves of weed seeds in the soil. Active soil tillage in crop rotation on the old arable lands is accompanied by accumulation in the layer of soil 0-30 cm to 452 million pcs./ha of weed seeds. Analysis of the state of potential weediness of soils of different pedogenesis and ecological and technogenic history showed that human interference in ecological-landscape complexes in the form of agricultural activity is accompanied by a significant increase in the reserves of weed seeds in the soil. Active soil tillage in the crop rotation on the old arable lands is accompanied by accumulation in the layer of soil 0-30 cm to 452 million pcs./ha of weed seeds. The danger of high degree of potential weediness is also increased by the fact that in each layer of a profile section of ploughland, a significant amount of seeds is retained, which in any case creates a risk of high harmfulness of weeds in connection with vertical migration. In the upper most active layer of soil 0-10 cm concentration seed is 133 million pcs./ha. In the long fallow lands of agrotechnical dormancy the potential weediness in the upper layer of soil is 6-7 million pcs./ha. In deeper layers are observed only residual signs of the presence of weed seeds. Consequently, the degree of potential weediness on cultivated lands is 20-50 times higher than in zones of natural development of succession. Potential weediness is a major factor determining the degree of crop weediness, the harmfulness of weeds and the amount of crop loss. The determination of the yielding capacity of the field crops showed that the systems of basic soil tillage on the plots fertilized with mineral fertilizers together with the crop residues were equivalent to all pproductivity indexes: grain yield, grain units and feed units and digestible protein per hectare of crop rotation area with a slight tendency to decrease the indexes for small (mulching) system of soil cultivation. In the variant with crop residues without mineral fertilizers, the system of mouldboard and differentiated soil tillages had advantage over all productivity indiexes in consequence of the better phytosanitary state of crops. By results of research, the highest increase from mineral f...
The analysis of organizational and economic preconditions and basic principles of land reform in Ukraine has been carried out. The land reform is considered as the main factor in the formation of a system of agricultural land use in Ukraine. The directions and ways of completing the land reform have been substantiated.
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