Loss of soybean yields from weeds can reach 30–50%. Chemical methods of their control are of primary importance for obtaining the maximum grain yield. The critical period for weed control is stage from the first to third true leaf of the crop. The most active growth of unwanted vegetation in soybean crops is observed in the spring-summer period. And if during this period you can mainly suppress weeds, then in the future the crops will be relatively clean. In years when there is a sharp lack of moisture at the beginning of the growing season, a significant part of the plant seedlings appear at a later date, which creates additional problems for crop protection. In order to optimize weed protection measures, it is first necessary to know clearly the species composition of weeds in each specific agrocenosis. The development of highly effective systems of chemical protection of soybean crops against weeds largely depends on the application of highly effective herbicides. The maximum results in the control of weeds, in particular Сommon ragweed, at the time of renewal of spring vegetation, among the preparations used by as were provided by herbicides and their tank mixtures in variants with application of tank mixtures: Harmony: 8–10 g/ha + Command – 0,20–0,25 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha. Here the technical efficiency was at the level of 70,0–72,0%. The increase of technical efficiency in variants with the application of tank mixtures of preparations was determined: Harmony – 8 g/ha + Command – 0,25 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha; Harmony – 10 g/ha + Team – 0,20 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha; Harmony – 10 g/ha + Team – 0,25 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha and Harmony – 8 g/ha + Bazagran – 2,0 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha. Spraying with herbicides and their tank mixtures in general made it possible to save from 0,81 to 1,01 t/ha of soybean grain, compared with the control without herbicides. Herbicide preparations differed slightly regarding the effect on the grain yield. It is necessary to distinguish only tank mixtures: Harmony – 10 g/ha + Commands – 0,20 l/ha + Trend –300 ml/ha; Harmony – 10 g/ha + Team – 0,25 l/ha + Trend – 300 ml/ha; Harmony – 8 g/ha + Bazagran – 2,0 l/ha + + Trend – 300 ml/ha, as well as Harmony – 12 g/ha. The indices of yields on these variants were maximum and amounted to 2,28; 2,31; 2,31 and 2,29 t/ha, which was more than the control by 43, 44, 44 and 43%, respectively.
The results of research on the effectiveness of action of herbicides on weeds incrops of Scarlet grosbeak of the Linza variety, conducted on the experimental field of the educationaland research center of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, located inthe Dniprovskyi district of Dnipropetrovsk region are presented. The soil is represented by chernozemordinary low in humus full-profile. The potential soil contamination in the arable layer byvegetative organs of reproduction of perennial suckering weeds was average (100–120 thousandpieces / m2), and high (800–900 million pieces / ha) by seeds of annual weeds. Scarlet grosbeakwas placed after winter wheat. Soil-applied and post-emergence herbicides were applied in therecommended time by a small-sized sprayer OM-4, developed by the Department of GeneralAgriculture and Soil Science of the State Agrarian and Economic University and limited liabilitycompany “Agromodul”. Years of Scarlet grosbeak growing were characterized as typical for theSteppe zone of Ukraine, but differed in the amount of precipitations. The main reasons for thesmall area of distribution of Scarlet grosbeak are identified. The attention was paid to the needfor integrated weed control for the successful growing of this legume crop. It is found that in thesegetal сommunity of Scarlet grosbeak the dominant position was occupied by common ragweedand annual cereals, which at the beginning and end of the growing season accounted for about90% of the total number of weeds. The presence of a small amount of white orache, lesser bindweed,redroot amaranth and others was also noted. In accordance with the evaluations of the technicalefficacy of herbicides in crops of Scarlet grosbeak, which are a weak competitor to weeds,indicate the need to take into account their effect on the weight of weeds. The best results in thecontrol of common ragweed in the crops of the studied culture were provided by preparationsbased on Prometryn 400 g / l + Metribuzin 100 g / l, Imazethapyr 100 g / l and Imazamox 40 g / l,which helped to reduce its weight in the air-dry state by 67.9; 64.4 and 62.1%, respectively, comparedwith the control. The least effective was the insurance (post-emergence) herbicide based onMetribuzin 600 g / l, which helped to reduce the mass of common ragweed in the air-dry state byonly 10.7% compared to the control. The technical efficiency of herbicides action and their tankmixtures on dicotyledonous annual weeds was almost the same and ranged from 50.0% to 87.5%.The use of herbicides and their tank mixtures in general allowed to save from 0.03 t / ha to 0.26 t/ ha grain of Scarlet grosbeak compared to the control without herbicides. Herbicide preparationsdiffered insignificantly in terms of the effect on grain yield. The insurance (post-emegence) herbicidesbased on Imazamox 40 g / l and Imazethapyr 100 g / l should be distinguished. The use ofthis herbicides provided yielding capacity on the level 1.19 and 1.23 t / ha, which was more thancontrol by 22.7 and 26.8%, respectively.
We determined that the structure of phytocenosis of weeds in corn crops caused by the influence of their adaptive ability and structure of crop areas in crop rotation. The basis of the dominance of weeds in the species structure is the resistance to herbicides, wide range of similarity, morphological plasticity, and the presence of non-toxic signs. The application of the technology of corn cultivation of small, non-field multicultural soil cultivation (chiseling, flattening loosening) leads to strong increase in the level of permeation by 1.4-1.8 times, which in turn requires the additional rules for soil treatment and postemerged herbicides that reliably control the corn productivity. It has been proved that field plowing and chiseling together with the introduction of the N30P30K30 had minimal advantage on the corn grain yields in non-fertilized conditions due to better nutritional conditions and lower levels of perennial crops. The most effective soil treatment was the shallow and flattening loosening of the chip which under increase of nitrogen content (N60P30K30) caused by corn fertilization allows us to obtain the same yield concerning the plowing and chiseling. The methods of basic soil cultivation under low level of feed infestation (9.0-12.6 pieces/m²) did not have significant effect on the quality of corn grain. The introduction of mineral fertilizers (especially nitrogen) increases the tendency to increase the protein content in the grain (proteins) and reduce the content of carbohydrates, especially the starch. Key words: corn; multicultural soil cultivation; weediness; fertilization; mineral fertilizers; crop capacity Динаміка чисельності бур'янів і їх видового складу в агроценозах кукурудзи залежно від обробітку грунту та удобрення в північному степу України Встановлено, що формування структури фітоценозу бур'янів в посівах кукурудзи відбувається під впливом їх адаптивної здатності та структури посівних площ в сівозміні. Основою домінування бур'янів у видовій структурі є стійкість до гербіцидів, широкий діапазон схожості, морфологічна пластичність і наявність неотенічних ознак. Застосування в технології вирощування кукурудзи мілкого безполицевого мульчувального обробітку ґрунту (чизелювання, плоскорізне розпушування) призводить до підвищення рівня забур'яненості в 1,4-1,8 рази, що в свою чергу потребує додаткового
The spontaneous vegetation in permanent flooding zone around technogenic water bodies arising on former pastures due to underground coal mining in the Western Donbass basin (steppe zone of Ukraine) was studied in 2018–2019. Occurrence and abundance of herbaceous plants were taken into account in 36 vegetation plots over a total area of 0.8 km2 in different habitats: dry, wet and flooded. In total, 83 plant species belonging to 31 families and 66 genera were identified, among which perennials dominated. Strong negative Pearson’s correlation was found between the amount and abundance of plant species and soil characteristics across the studied habitats, where the joint action of all edaphic factors determined the mosaic appearance of transformed vegetation. The spontaneous vegetation of the least disturbed xero-mesophilic habitats was most similar to (semi)natural grasslands, while the vegetation of hygrophilic habitats had a complete mismatch. Surrounding grasslands were not the most important diasporas’ source for spontaneous succession in the disturbed zone, and many species were supposed to come from the more remote areas. Recovery of target vegetation did not occur for 25 years of permanent subsidence and flooding due to radical transformation of landscape and soil and appearance of completely inappropriate habitats. At the same time, the unusual species composition of spontaneous vegetation and significant number of rare and endangered plants indicate the formation of valuable biotopes in the subsidence and flooding zone.
На підставі результатів досліджень встановлено, що полицева та диференційована система обробітку ґрунту при вирощуванні кукурудзи забезпечує якнайповніше знищення збудників хвороб (проростків-пліснявінням та кореневими гнилями, рослин-пухирчастою сажкою, початків-хворобами) та шкідників (дротяники, стебловий метелик, бавовникова совка), які зимують та зберігаються в рослинних рештках. Показники ураження хворобами та пошкодження шкідниками при цьому знижуються у 1,4-1,6 раза внаслідок заорювання рослинних решток разом із збудниками хвороб у нижні шари ґрунту. Використання мілкого мульчувального обробітку потребує додаткових регламентів по контролю шкідників і хвороб за умови перевищення економічних порогів їх шкодочинності, що вимагає додаткових витрат матеріальних ресурсів, особливо в роки значного прояву шкідливих об'єктів. Ураженість рослин пшениці озимої кореневими гнилями зменшується на ділянках з полицевим обробітком ґрунту у 1,1-1,25 раза, а також на неудобреному фоні відносно до удобреного за рахунок заорювання післяжнивних решток і скорочення періоду зараження рослин без підживлення внаслідок їх передчасного дозрівання і засихання. Ключові слова: пшениця озима, кукурудза, пошкодженість шкідниками, ураженість хворобами, основний обробіток ґрунту, система удобрення.
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