Purpose:The paper aims to analyze the impact of macroeconomics factors, including their delay on investments of enterprises in Poland in the years [2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015][2016][2017][2018]. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors use statistical analysis to verify the hypotheses. First, the test of KPSS was done to check the stationarity of the variables. The next step was to calculate coefficients of linear correlation of Pearson between two subgroups of variables. After that, the causality of Granger was done. Findings: There is a relationship between actual investment spending of enterprises and the value of economic growth and its components but only in some cases. Moreover, past investments have a negative impact on investment spending of medium and large-sized companies. However, there is no evidence that inventory investments influence the investment spending of enterprises, and fiscal preferences positively impact on changes in the value of actual investment spending of companies. Practical Implications: The findings could change the rules of preparing predictions for investment spending in Poland. Furthermore, it may affect the changes in fiscal preferences. Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the macroeconomics theory in the area of economic growth. Furthermore, it also makes insights into the theory of incentives, particularly in fiscal preferences.
This article is a synthetic, brief review of the literature, reports and references on the transformation of the automotive industry into zero-emission cars, in particular electric cars. It analyzes the technological and economic aspects of changes in the automotive industry regarding the transformation to zero-emission cars. Despite great de-emission parameters, the production of electric cars does not have a zero carbon footprint. The acquisition of critical elements, their production and the production of other components and materials needed for their construction have an environmental impact. The supply chains of materials for the construction of batteries for electric cars are characterized by significant risks related to, among others, a lack of diversification and limited flexibility. The dominant supplier of rare elements for batteries is China. The article analyzes the impact of prices on the demand for electric cars and compares them to internal combustion cars. Research shows that most electric cars are sold in China, the USA and Europe (about 95% of the supply). The costs of cars are of great importance, which, given the current reduction in the purchasing power of consumers, make the forecasts of the dynamic growth of electromobility very cautious, and even stagnation in the purchase of electric cars is expected in the second half of 2023.
This study aimed to analyze the impact of key causes of external and internal risk on supply chains. The basic and most probable causes of the risk are listed, based on literature research and interviews with representatives of the metal industry. The analysis was carried out by semiquantitative assessment using risk maps. The relationship between the probability of an event occurrence and its impact on supply chains was tested. The study postulates that key risk factors can be controlled through risk monitoring. Attention was drawn to the beneficial aspects of using risk maps that enable a comprehensive assessment of the situation. Both external and internal risks can cause turmoil and disruption of the supply chain. The findings suggest that external uncertainty and crises have the most direct impact on supply chain risk and are the most dangerous. The work presents the possibility of practical application of risk maps for risk assessment and monitoring. The presented approach to risk assessment complements the methodology of risk assessment and monitoring. Risk maps were used as a basic tool in assessing the impact of individual risks on supply chains. It has been found that supply chains are subject to high risk, which can be monitored through risk matrix procedures. The conducted analysis showed that critical risk areas in supply chains are external crises, environmental uncertainty, supply chain relationships, and manufacturing and the most dangerous risks in supply chains are related to external conditions beyond the control of the participants in the supply chain. The article fills a gap in research on risk monitoring in supply chains by focusing on selected, generalized measures related to industrial supply.
Reliable and comprehensive choice of a suitable domestic heat pump for a common dwelling house is discussed in the paper. The application of common and freely available market information about possible heat pump options is considered in this regard. The intangibility, imperfect nature, and overload of available information, as well as a common issue amongst interested homeowners—scarce critical resource availability, e.g., financial means—are also dealt with. A specific, universal multistage decision support procedure is proposed in the paper to help a houseowner to make an informed heat pump choice. At first, a concept of a pairwise comparison and a notion of dominance under imperfect information are utilized to build a kind of option hierarchy. A particular heat pump device is then recommended by means of exploring consecutive option hierarchy levels and an actual houseowner’s critical resource capacity in a non-commensurable manner. It seems that this joint application of common imperfect information about available options and critical resource availability, as well as the ideas of option dominance and non-commensurability, make the approach an interesting way for a casual homeowner to make an informed heat pump device choice. A sample analysis is also applied to show the merits and the usefulness of the approach in the paper.
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