One of the priority lines of action in Poland is to increase energy production from renewable energy sources (RESs). Based on the “Poland’s national energy and climate plan for the years 2021–2030”, Poland aims to achieve 21%–23% of RES share in gross final energy consumption by 2030. While coal is still the most important source of energy, new technological and organisational solutions for increasing RESs are being tested and implemented. Therefore, the creation of energy clusters based on the idea of urban and industrial symbiosis was first proposed by the Ministry of Energy in 2016. To date, there are 66 clusters in different regions in Poland, but only a few of them are active and innovative. One of them is located in the city of Zakopane, a mountain resort, which attracts about 3 million tourists annually and has developed the wide-ranging use of geothermal sources for energy supply and recreation. The paper aims to analyse the impact of the creation of energy clusters on the city’s development, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. The “willingness to pay” (WTP) method was used to calculate the impact of air pollution on Zakopane and to compare it with the Polish average to estimate the significance of the transformation to RESs in this tourist city. The results from the studies are as follows: health cost per capita in Zakopane is between 252.07 and 921.30 euro. The investigations presented can be the basis for recommendations in strategic documents in the field of regional development and environmental protection, especially on the use and promotion of urban symbiosis for increasing use of RESs.

The agricultural and food sector accounts for substantial volumes of organic waste (such as livestock excreta, meat offals) considered as onerous on the environment. The above decomposes formulating methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic conditions. Methane produced in digester chambers of a biomass plant (called biogas) may be applied for the production of electricity and heat, powering of vehicles as well as injections into gas networks. Biogas is one of the renewable sources of energy. In the light of the EU's sustainable development and climate neutrality policies, increasing the share of renewable sources in overall energy consumption is a priority for the Member States. For this reason, the article examines one of the renewable energy sectors in Poland, which is agricultural biogas production. The main attention was focused on agricultural biogas plants. Most often used substrates for biogas production, the dependence of biogas plant location on the population living in particular regions (voivodships) and the development of agriculture in their territories were analysed. The main purpose of the article was to indicate the reasons for the failure of the agricultural biogas plant construction program in Poland. Literature and document analysis were performed, interviews with waste producers as well as owners of agricultural biogas plants were carried out, and SWOT analysis was prepared.

In this article, the authors analyzed two extreme investment variants considering the installed capacity of Poland’s residential pv installation: (a) pv installation meets electricity demand only in the first year of operation, and in each subsequent year it is necessary to purchase electricity at market prices; (b) installation meets electricity demand even in the last year of operation, and in each previous year, the excess of generated electricity needs to be transferred back to the grid, with the limited (by law) right of drawing it from the grid for free in the future. In the article, a sensitivity analysis was performed, and profitability changes were established based on the NPV value, depending on case (a) or (b). The performed analyses showed that the pv installation profitability should not be analyzed, assuming only one moment when it meets 100% of the household’s electricity demand. It was shown that the choice of such a moment, depending on the value of particular technical and financial parameters, can lead to a change in the NPV value, even over 10%. Although the studies were done for Poland, such an approach can be implemented in other countries.

A B S T R A C TLife cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique often used to assess the impact of technological processes on the environment and on human health. It can be also used as a tool to assess environmental micropollutants. The possibility to conduct full LCA of particular stages of technology by means of appropriate LCA software can allow for reliable identification of the sources of chemical hazards in the environment, with particular focus on the source and the amount of macro and micropollutants. Full LCA includes obtaining raw materials, production, transport, distribution, the use, maintenance, reusing, recycling and disposal. The possibility to apply LCA technique to assess i.e. chemical hazards in potential wastewater treatment with the use of new flocculants and therefore to shape the environment is presented in the study. An example of applying LCA to identify the sources and environmental impact assessment of the stage of potential production of new generation flocculants synthesised from post production polystyrene waste as well as of the stage of wastewater treatment using synthesised products is described in the study. The analysis of the impact of metallurgical waste and wastewater treatment technologies on the environment from the hard coal mine (HCM2) using sulphone derivative of polystere by different methods: Ecoindicator 99. ReCiPe and Impact 2002+ including the process of flocculent production indicated that the applied methods do not allow for comprehensive evaluation. In spite of this, it can be concluded that the factor negatively influencing the quality of the environment is mainly sulphuric acid used to obtain the flocculant. This impact is caused by the use of sulphur for its production, as well as electricity and sulphur oxides emitted into the air.

The process of non-reagent adjustment of the pH of a NaCl solution (0.5 g/L) of different acidity was investigated by the method of bipolar electrodialysis on a device operating according to the K-system (concentration). The experiments were carried out in the range pH = 2.0–12.0 with monopolar cation-exchange MK-40 (for alkaline solutions) or anion-exchange MA-40 (for acidic solutions) and bipolar MB-2 membranes. The regularities of the change in the pH of the solution on the current density, process productivity and energy consumption for the neutralization process have been investigated. Revealed: with different productivity of the apparatus (Q = 0.5–1.5 m3/h), in the range of pH 3.0–11.0, with an increase in the current density, a neutral pH value is achieved. It has been shown that at pH above 11.0 and below 3.0, even at high current densities (i > 20 A/m2), its value cannot be changed. This is due to the neutralization of the H+ or OH− ions generated by the bipolar membrane by water ions, which are formed as a result of the dissociation of water molecules at the border of the monopolar membrane and the solution under conditions when the value of current exceeds the limiting value.

This study aims to examine the impact of selected market parameters of the European crude oil options on the hedging costs and break-even points (BEPs) in the long strap strategy. The paper analyses the impact of the following market parameters: Volatility and the future price of crude oil, the strike price and time to expiration. The theoretical aspect consisted in using the black model to calculate the value of the option price and the long strap strategy BEP in the condition of ever-changing market parameters. These calculations, by determining implied volatilities of the options, have been adapted to the actual data from the exchange market for the options on WTI futures contract. It was made possible owing to the quik strike platform made available by a CME group exchange. To obtain information about the impact of volatility, time and price of futures on the costs of hedging and BEPs in the long strap strategy, the authors calculated the Greeks (delta, gamma, vega and theta) for the crude oil options. Having done that, not only could they determine the direction but also the power of impact that the parameters had on the final results in the long strap strategy.

This paper focuses on the factors that influence the changes in copper prices. A brief review of the literature showed several areas of interests of researchers, such as global economic situation and development of Asian countries. This paper draws attention to concurrent price trends, some pairs of raw materials (e.g. copper – aluminum, copper – silver, even copper – palladium). This paper uses multiple regression model containing monthly data spanning from January 2012 to June 2015, which consist of 42 observations for metals: copper, zinc, aluminum, silver, gold, platinum and palladium. And it shows a strong relationship between the prices of copper and other metals.

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