In women aged from 20 up to 60 years paraurethral cysts occur in 1–6%. In most cases, the clinical course of paraurethral cysts is asymptomatic, so their diagnosis can cause difficulties. Women who have paraurethral cysts may complain of pain, dyspareunia, and urinary disorders. The size of a cyst more than 2 cm can affect the quality of patient’s life, and very often causes symptoms of the lower urinary tract, including obstructive ones. Paraurethral cysts need to be differentiated other perineal formations. This article presents a review of the literature on the etiology, clinical course and diagnosis of paraurethral cysts. The main points of differential diagnosis of paraurethral cyst with urethral diverticulum, adenocarcinoma are also consecrated. Taking into consideration the anatomical location and the specifics of the treatment of paraurethral cysts, this problem has an interdisciplinary nature and requires the attention of specialists such as: urologist, gynecologist, surgeon.

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Our study was aimed to identify the types of benign urethral lesions in 92 women of reproductive age. Methods. We performed a physical examination and assessment of the external and internal genitals employing laboratory diagnostic methods, ultrasonography (transvaginal and transperineal scanning), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in all women. Results. Asymptomatic benign benign urethral lesions of the paraurethral region were detected in 22.8% of women. The remaining 2/3 of the patients complained of dysuria and a sensation of a foreign body in the perineum. The most common complaints and clinical manifestations were predominantly observed in the women within one year after childbirth (72.8%). Conclusions. Our findings on the types of benign urethral lesions were 56 urethral diverticula (60.8%) and 34 paraurethral cysts (37.1%). Most such lesions are more likely to occur in the first years after childbirth, so it is necessary to invite women for a pelvic exam during this period. K E y w o r d s-benign urethral lesions, urethral diverticulum, paraurethral cyst, dysuria, dyspareunia.

Paraurethral cysts develop on the site of the paraurethral glands (Skin glands), and are a fairly rare pathology in women. The clinical course of paraurethral cysts is often asymptomatic. However, with an increase in the size of the cyst, women have complaints of frequent urination, dyspareunia, painful sensations in the perineum. Persistent microflora contributes to the aggravation of symptoms, up to the formation of an abscess. With inflammation of the paraurethral cyst, there is still no clear treatment algorithm. In this article, we present an observation of a 29‑year‑old woman with signs of an infected paraurethral cyst. We believe that the administration of antimicrobial drugs to women with signs of skinitis in combination with lower urinary tract infection is necessary for the purpose of preoperative preparation. Surgical treatment of an infected paraurethral cyst consisted of opening the abscess, followed by laser ablation of the inner surface of the cyst capsule. In the postoperative period, the patient also received antimicrobial therapy. We did not detect a recurrence of the paraurethral cyst, observing the patient for 1 year. Conclusion. Combined treatment (a combination of medical and surgical treatment) of an infected paraurethral cyst demonstrates high efficiency.

HIFU shows a successful treat ment for localized prostate cancer. Here we exp lored the effectiveness of the HIFU treatment for the prostate cancer, hormone-resistant prostate cancer and failu re after external beam rad iotherapy and radical prostatectomy. 795 patients were treated in our centre in 2007 -2012: Kap lan-Meir analyses of the total group indicated that the risk of progression was 23% after 5 years of follow-up. Our experience shows that HIFU ablation is safe, minimally invasive, effect ive treat ment with moderate side effects for the PC, hormone-resistant prostate cancer, HIFU also may be used as a salvage therapy.

e12012 Background: One of the most serious potential side effects of chemotherapy is neutropenia. Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia is especially problematic because of increased incidence of infections, hospitalization, antibiotic treatment, necessity to reduce therapy intensity. The intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy is the key to successful treatment. Dicarbamin is agent for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Dicarbamin therapy decreases dystrophic changes in myeloid progenitor cells and decreases the relative number of cells with signs of apoptosis. We conducted an analysis of efficacy of dicarbamin in patients during docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Methods: Between May 2011 and July 2012, 87 patients with early breast cancer were treated with adjuvant DAC regimens (docetaxel 75 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 every 3 weeks). All patients were female. All patients were treated with these regimens without prophylactic growth factor support. 42 patients of control (group A) were not given any prophylaxis of neutropenia. 45 patients (group B) were given dicarbamin 100 mg/day on day 5 before chemotherapy administration. Treatment with dicarbamin continued for all treatment period. Neutropenia was evaluated with Common Toxicity Criteria, Version 3.0. Results: Median age was 47 (29 – 55). Grade 4 neutropenia was reported in 13 (30.9%) patients treated without dicarbamin (A) and in 8 (17.7%) patients treated with dicarbamin (B). Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in 39 cycles in group A and in 22 cycles in group B (p=0.016). The beneficial effect of dicarbamin was also demonstrated by a quick recovery of granulocytes levels than in controls. In 17 (37.7%) patients treated with dicarbamin granulocytes levels were normal all period of chemotherapy. The dose intensity of chemotherapy was more in group with dicarbamin prophilaxis. The toxicity of dicarbamin was not observed. Conclusions: Dicarbamin is an active agent for prophylaxis of neutropenia without specific toxicity. The intensity of the DAC-chemotherapy was more in group with dicarbamin prophilaxis.

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Abstract.Introduction & Objectives: rHIFU shows a successful treatment for localized prostate cancer (PC). Here we explored the effectiveness of the rHIFU treatment for the prostate cancer, hormone-resistant prostate cancer (HRPC) and failure after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and radical prostatectomy (RPE).Materials & Methods: 748 patients were treated in our center between Sep 2007 -February 2012: 137 -hormone-resistance (median time before hormone-resistance 25 months), 286 -received neoadjuvant hormone therapy 6 months, 293 -no treatment before HIFU, 32 -after the EBRT failure. 667 patients underwent TURP+rHIFU, 81 only rHIFU (volume prostate <40cc). Mean follow-up is 38 months (range 3-52). All patients were divided into 3 groups: low risk progression (Gleason <7, stage T1-2N0M0, PSA<20, n= 465), high risk progression -(Gleason ≤9, stage T2-3N0M0, PSA <60, n= 251), after EBRT and RPE failure (n= 39). The mean age of the whole group of patients were 70 (52-89) years, mean prostate volume -39 (5,5-108) cc.Results: Median PSA level 12 months after rHIFU treatment were 0,04 (0-2,24) ng/ml -low risk group, for high risk group -0,5 (0-48,4) ng/ml, with failure after EBRT and RPE-0,5 (0-3,2) ng/ml; 36 months after rHIFU treatment were 0,5 (0,02-3,6) ng/ml -low risk group, for high risk group -3,2 (0-21,38) ng/ml, with failure after EBRT and RPE -1,7 (0-9,8) ng/ml. Patients with low risk had 4,5% of progression, with high risk PC -25%, with failure after EBRT and RPE -19,6%. Kaplan-Meir analyses of the total group indicated that the risk of progression after 1 year follow-up was 10%, the risk of progression was 23% after 4 years of follow-up.Complications: incontinence I -17,5%, incontinence II -7,7%, stricture -18,2%, fistula -0,3 %.Conclusions: Our experience shows that rHIFU ablation is safe, minimally invasive, effective treatment with moderate side effects for the PC, hormone-resistant prostate cancer, rHIFU also may be used as a salvage therapy after EBRF. Further studies are required.