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The review discusses different methods of encapsulation and biomineralization of macromolecules and living cells. Main advantages and disadvantages of most commonly used carriers, matrices, and materials for immobilization of proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and living cells are briefly surveyed. Examples of delivery vehicles for multifunctional encapsulation of protein-like substances are presented. Particular attention is paid to prospects of using metal-organic frameworks in medicine and biotechnology.

Цель. Оценить уровень супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) у больных ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС), подвергающихся коронарному шунтированию (КШ), и определить ее значимость в развитии послеоперационной фибрилляции предсердий (ПОФП). Материал и методы. Обследовано 96 пациентов с ИБС, поступивших для проведения КШ. Больные были распределены на 2 группы: 1 группа -без ПОФП (67 пациентов, 80,6% мужчин, средний возраст 57,9±7,3 лет), 2 группа -с впервые возникшей ФП в раннем периоде КШ (29 пациентов, 86% мужчин, средний возраст 64,0±8,4 лет). Результаты. За период наблюдения ПОФП возникла в 30,2% случаев, в сред-нем на 4,9±3,8 сутки после операции. При сравнении с 1 группой уровень СОД оказался выше среди пациентов 2 группы (2589,8±1999,3 ед./г против 1572,8±1275,2 ед./г, р=0,034). При этом пациенты 2 группы были старше в среднем на 4 года (64,0±8,4 против 57,9±7,3 лет, р=0,048), имели большую длительность кардиоваскулярной патологии (86,9±76,1 мес. против 44,3±38,4 мес., р=0,002). У больных с ПОФП чаще встречался III функциональный класс (ФК) стенокардии (72,4% против 47,8%, р=0,028) и III ФК хронической сердеч-ной недостаточности (38,0% против 7,5%, р=0,006), отмечался больший раз-мер левого предсердия (ЛП) при сравнении с 1 группой (43,5±4,1 против 37,9±3,4 мм, р<0,001). После выполнения многофакторного анализа предсказательная ценность сохранилась для следующих параметров: размера ЛП более 41 мм -5,1 (95% ДИ, 2,1-9,8, р=0,0005), СОД более 2948 ед./г -4,4 (95% ДИ, 1,1-8,9, р=0,04). Заключение. Проведенное исследование продемонстрировало, что опера-ция КШ сопровождается активацией окислительного стресса, что приводит к снижению концентрации супероксиддисмутазы, вероятно, за счет ее потре-бления. Однако среди больных с ПОФП отмечается более выраженная актив-ность фермента. (72,4% vs 47,8%, р=0,028) and III functional class of congestive heart failure (38,0% vs 7,5%, р=0,006), they had larger left atrium (43,5±4,1 mm vs 37,9±3,4 mm, р<0,001).After multifactorial analysis, predictive value remained for the following: left atrium larger than 41 mm -5,1 (95% CI, 2,1-9,8, р=0,0005), SOD more than 2948 U/g -4,4 (95% CI, 1,1-8,9, р=0,04). Conclusion.The study showed that CBG operation is followed by activation of oxidation stress which is followed by the decrease of SOD concentration, probably due to its consumption. However, among patients with PSAF there is higher activity of this enzyme.

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) ranks third in the structure of acute cardiovascular diseases. Every year there is a rapid increase in morbidity and mortality from PE. Laboratory biomarkers for PE diagnosis do not have the necessary specificity, and therefore are ineffective. PE requires timely active treatment, in particular for the prevention of serious complications. In this regard, further research is needed to study and search for novel promising biomarkers for the early detection of PE, pathophysiological mechanisms and targets for therapeutic effects. To a large extent, novel data on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including PE, scientists receive from experimental studies using animal models. In this review, we summarize the main existing experimental models of PE, describe the principles and methods for modeling this disease. There are following models of PE: intravenous thrombin infusion, adenosine diphosphate-induced PE, PE induction by thromboplastin, recombinant human tissue factor or high molecular weight polyphosphates, collagen/adrenaline-induced PE, ex vivo thrombus intravenous administration, surgical model. This publication also presents our own experience in creating an artificial model of PE in animals using an intravenous thrombus. In our model, confirmation of PE was obtained during pathological examination and an increase in the level of following biomarkers: troponin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and D-dimer. In this pilot study, a PE model was created to study the pathogenesis and novel treatment options for this disease. To confirm the effectiveness of the model, future studies are required.

Цель. Оценить прогностическое значение ST2 и N-концевого фрагмента предшественника мозгового натрийуретического пептида (NT-proBNP) у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью (СН) ишемической этиологии. Материал и методы. Исследование включило 127 пациентов с СН, перенес-ших инфаркт миокарда (медиана возраста 57 лет, фракция выброса левого желудочка -54%), которые последовательно поступили в Клинику. Концент-рации биомаркеров, отражающих миокардиальный стресс (NT-proBNP) и фиброз и ремоделирование желудочков (ST2), определяли в сыворотке крови методом иммуноферментного анализа; конечная точка представлена смертностью от всех причин и повторными госпитализациями за 9-месячный период наблюдения. Результаты. Уровни ST2 и NT-proBNP оказались выше у пациентов с неблаго-приятными исходами (n=19) в сравнении с пациентами без повторных сер-дечно-сосудистых событий (р=0,004 и 0,001, соответственно). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) анализ для предсказания исходов определил оптимальные пороговые значения 43,6 нг/мл для ST2 и 285 пг/мл для NTproBNP. При сравнении ROC-кривых биомаркеры имели сопоставимые пло-щади под кривой (р=0,659). В бинарной регрессионной модели статистически значимыми предикторами для комбинированной конечной точки были ST2, NT-proBNP и традиционные факторы риска (функциональный класс New York Heart Association, аневризма левого желудочка, инсульт в анамнезе, рассчи-танная скорость клубочковой фильтрации <90 мл/мин/1,73 м 2 ). Модель имела площадь под кривой 0,900 (p<0,001). Заключение. ST2 и NT-proBNP являются значимыми предикторами неблаго-приятных клинических исходов у пациентов с СН, перенесших инфаркт миокарда. BIOMARKERS OF MYOCARDIAL STRESS AND FIBROSIS FOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT IN POST MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION HEART FAILURE PATIENTSShilyaeva N. V., Shchukin Yu. V., Limareva L. V., Danilchenko O. P.Aim. To assess the prognostic significance of the ST2 and N-terminal pre-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) of ischemic origin. Material and methods. The study included 127 patients with CHF, post myocardial infarction (age median 57 y. o., left ventricle ejection fraction -54%), consequently admitted at Clinic. The biomarker concentrations representing myocardial stress (NT-proBNP) and fibrosis with remodeling of the ventricles (ST2) were measured with the immune enzyme assay. Endpoint was all-cause mortality and repeat hospitalizations during 9-month follow-up. Results. Levels of ST2 and NT-proBNP were higher in adverse outcome patients (n=19) comparing to the patients with no repeat cardiovascular events (р=0,004 and 0,001, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for outcomes prediction defined the optimal threshold values of 43,6 ng/mL for ST2 and 285 pg/mL for NT-proBNP. In comparison of ROC-curves, biomarkers had comparable areas under the curves (p=0,659). In binary regression model, statistically significant predictors for combination endpoint were ST2, NT-proBNP and traditional risk factors (class by...

Aim. To estimate the influence of short-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) treatment on the development of new cases of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with the detection of indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress, myocardial injury or dysfunction. Material and methods. The patients did not receive statins at the stage of out-patient treatment. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, troponin, NT-proBNP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured on admission and 3.6±1.3 days after CABG. All the patients were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised patients who did not receive omega-3 PUFA (51 patients, 86.3% males, mean age 62.8+4.0), 2 group included patients who received PUFA (51 patients, 90.2% males, mean age 62.1±4.0 years) 5 days (mean) before CABG at an average dose 2 g per day and for 3 weeks after CABG at an average dose 1 g per day. Results. Postoperative AF more often occurred in group 1 (41.2% vs 23.5%; p=0.04 ( mean 4.8±3.0 days). The patients of group 1 more often had FC-III angina pectoris (60.8% vs 51.0%, p=0.04), whereas patients of group 2 more often had the history of myocardial infarction (78.4% vs 58.8%, p=0.03) and respiratory pathology (23.5% vs 2.0%, p=0.0009). According to univariate regression analysis, omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a decrease of new episodes of AF at the early postoperative period (odds ratio (OR) 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.9; p=0.04). IL-6 levels were significantly higher in pre- and postoperative periods in patients of group 1 (34.8±25.5 pg/ml vs 2.9±2.5 pg/ml, p<0.0001; 54.6±44.9 pg/ml vs 39.5±29.7 pg/ml, p=0.04, respectively). Before CABG, SOD levels in both groups were higher than normal (group 1 - 3478.6±2365.7 units/g vs group 2 - 2893.4±2365.7 units/g, p>0.05). After CABG, SOD levels became lower in both groups but remained significantly higher in group 1 (2311.8±1371.6 units/g vs 662.5±572.4 units/g, р<0.0001). MPO after CABG was insignificantly raised in group 1 (before CABG - 176.8±83.8 mg/l, after CABG - 212.5±131.8 mg/l) and lowered in patients with omega-3 PUFA intake (280.4±202.1 before and 235.3±147.6 after CABG). Conclusions. The study showed that omega-3 PUFA intake in perioperative period of CABG leads to a significant decrease in occurrence of new AF cases. The patients who received omega-3 had lower IL-6 levels as a proinflammatory factor and SOD level as a marker of oxidative stress.

Protein adsorption is the first stage of the interaction between prosthetic materials with tissues of the body. They undergo conformational changes depending on the chemical composition and the nanotopography surface. Adsorbed proteins induce adhesion and alter the functional state of migrating cells. Plasma samples from patients were incubated with such matrices as titanium, polypropylene or polyester with fluoropolymer coating meshes. Bound peptides were analyzed by electrophoresis. Qualitative analysis of the peptides extracted from the gel was performed by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis was performed by the MRM method. More than 60 proteins were identified on the analyzed surfaces. Quantitative analysis showed preferential adsorption of vitronectin, albumin, fibrinogen a-chain, C1ѕ component of the complement system. Vitronectin had the maximum relative protein content. Since biocompatibility of the analyzed materials varies considerably this variability may be attributed to conformational changes occurring with vitronectin during its irreversible adsorption.