Sunflower and rapeseed are among the most important sources of vegetable oil for food and industry. The main components of vegetable oil are triglycerides (TAGs) (about 97%). Ultra- performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) profiling of TAGs in sunflower and rapeseed has been performed and the TAG profiles obtained for these species have been compared. It has been identified that 34 TAGs are shared by sunflower and rapeseed. It was demonstrated that TAGs 52:2, 52:5, 52:6, 54:3; 54:4, 54:7, 56:3, 56:4, and 56:5 had the highest variability levels between sunflower and rapeseed with the higher presence in rapeseed. TAGs 50:2, 52:3, 52:4, 54:5, and 54:6 also showed high variability, but were the most abundant in sunflower. Moreover, the differences in TAG composition between the winter-type and spring-type rapeseed have been revealed, which may be associated with freezing tolerance. It was shown that winter-type rapeseed seeds contain TAGs with a lower degree of saturation, while in spring-type rapeseed highly saturated lipids are the most abundant. These findings may give new insights into the cold resistance mechanisms in plants the understanding of which is especially important in terms of global climate changes.

Publicly supported collections of cultivated germplasm are one of the key sources of new genes for crop improvement. VNIIMK is the leading organization in oil and essential oil crop breeding and seed growing in the Russian Federation with more than a century-long history. Sunflower varieties created by V.S. Pustovoit at VNIIMK became the basis for the development of the modern sunflower varieties worldwide. In the present study, 186 sunflower lines from the VNIIMK collection were characterized based on their genotype and general morphological and phenological economically-important traits. Additionally, for 99 sunflower lines fatty acid content, seed oil content, seed husk content, 100-seed weight, and seed number in the head were determined. Sequencing of RAD-libraries and the subsequent analysis have identified 65,553 variants including SNPs and indels. LD analysis revealed substantial variability across the genome. The longest LD blocks (>5,000 Kb) were found in the linkage groups 1, 5, and 17. The analysis revealed significant genetic and phenotypic diversity of the VNIIMK sunflower collection. Novel significant associations with linolenic acid content in the seeds were found on LGs 8, 9, and 17.

Rapeseed is the second most common oilseed crop worldwide. While the start of rapeseed breeding in Russia dates back to the middle of the 20th century, its widespread cultivation began only recently. In contrast to the world’s rapeseed genetic variation, the genetic composition of Russian rapeseed lines remained unexplored. We have addressed this question by performing genome-wide genotyping of 90 advanced rapeseed accessions provided by the All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK). Genome-wide genetic analysis demonstrated a clear difference between Russian rapeseed varieties and the rapeseed varieties from the rest of the world, including the European ones, indicating that rapeseed breeding in Russia proceeded in its own independent direction. Hence, genetic determinants of agronomical traits might also be different in Russian rapeseed lines. To assess it, we collected the glucosinolate content data for the same 90 genotyped accessions obtained during three years and performed an association mapping of this trait. We indeed found that the loci significantly associated with glucosinolate content variation in the Russian rapeseed collection differ from those previously reported for the non-Russian rapeseed lines.

МАСЛИЧНЫЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ. Научно-технический бюллетень Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института масличных культур. Вып. 4 (176), 2018 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

Oilseed crops are one of the most important sources of vegetable oils for food and industry. Nutritional and technical properties of vegetable oil are primarily determined by its fatty acid (FA) composition. The content and composition of FAs in plants are commonly determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) or gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) techniques. In the present work, we applied ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) technique to FA profiling of sunflower and rapeseed seeds and compared this method with the GC-FID technique. GC-FID detected 11 FAs in sunflower and 13 FAs in rapeseed, while UPLC-MS appeared to be more sensitive, detecting about 2.5 times higher numbers of FAs in both plants. In addition to even-chain FAs, UPLC-MS was able to detect odd-chain FAs. The longest FA detected using GC-FID was an FA with 24 carbon atoms, whereas UPLC-MS could reveal the presence of longer FAs with the tails of up to 28 carbon atoms. Based on our results, we may conclude that UPLC-MS has great potential to be used for the assessment of FA profiles of oil crops.

Introduction. Rapeseed is a facultative autogamous plant; its percentage of cross-pollination is 10–50%, so rapeseed breeding engages the line and population breeding methods as well as the development of hybrids and all innovative research approaches.Material and methods. Among the main techniques used for the development of parent material and, eventually, cultivars at the Pustovoit Institute (VNIIMK) is the pedigree method (individual selection from intraspecific and interspecific hybrid populations, combined with inbreeding). Physical and chemical mutagenesis is also employed in rapeseed breeding at VNIIMK. The material with yellow-colored seed coat has been obtained by exposing rapeseed seeds to various doses of gamma rays (50, 100 and 150 kR). Seed treatment with chemical mutagens is primarily aimed at changing the fatty acid composition of oil.Results. Breeding achievements for winter and spring rapeseed, registered by VNIIMK in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation over the past 15 years, are highly productive line cultivars with a seed yield of 4–5 t/ha for winter rapeseed, and 2–3 t/ha for spring rapeseed. Promising experimental interline hybrids, significantly exceeding the reference in seed yield (by 1.61–2.26 t/ha), have been developed. Yellowseeded lines, which exceed the black-seeded reference cv. ‘Tavrion’ in seed yield by 0.08–0.15 t/ha, have been selected. We developed the material with an oleic acid level of 78.9– 80.5%.

No abstract

Development of new rapeseed genotypes must be based on evaluation of parameters of environmental plasticity and stability. The purpose of the research is comparative characteristic of winter rapeseed varieties bred at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil crops (VNIIMK) by calculated statistic parameters of adaptability, environmental plasticity, stability, resistance to stress factors and genetic flexibility in conditions of the central zone of the Krasnodar region in the different years. We studied varieties Elvis, Loris, Sarmat, Selegor, VN-40173 (Olivin) and three promising samples VN-38630, VN40143, and VN-912. Indicators of environmental plas- 46 ticity and stability were calculated using seed yields of winter rapeseed varieties for six years by S.A. Eberhart & W.A. Rassell’s method as revised by V.А. Zykin. To calculate a coefficient of linear regression we determined environment indexes characterizing variability of variety cultivation conditions. Resistance to stress factors and genetic flexibility we determined due to A.A. Rossille & J. Hamblin’s equation as expounded by А.А. Goncharenko. Search of potential productivity and adaptability was conducted by L.A. Zhivotkova’s method. The most favorable conditions for growth and development of winter rapeseed were formed in 2016, when the average yield of varieties was 5.13 t per ha, acceptable ones – in 2014 (4.21 t per ha). Conditions in 2017 and 2019 were characterized as non-satisfactory as environmental index was negative, average yield – 3.65 and 3.64 t per ha, respectively. Comparative analysis of varieties and samples of winter rapeseed of VNIIMK breeding by parameters of environmental plasticity and stability in the Krasnodar region showed the varieties Selegor with average seed yield by years 4.69 t per ha and Sarmat with yield 4.35 t per ha were the most plastic, adaptive, and genetically adaptable. VN-912, Loris and Elvis were the most stable among all the studied varieties. They possess the better adaptability to deterioration of cultivation conditions. The varieties Olivin, VN-912 and Loris possess high resistance to stress factors.