Local, ancient grape cultivars of different cultivation regions are important part of grapevine genetic resources. Dagestan is one of the oldest regions of viticulture in the Russian Federation. Some Dagestan aboriginal grape varieties are cultivated on an industrial scale, while others are found in single numbers. The study of the native gene pool is given special attention in all grapes producing countries of the world. Currently, the most informative method of plant genotypes analysis is the study at the DNA level. The main features of the leaves of grape varieties are a key ampelographical characteristic. We studied cultivars Agadai, Alyi terskyi, Bor kara, Buday shuli, Gok ala, Gok izyum, Mahbor cibil, Yai izyum beliy, Yai izyum rozovyi by using these approaches. DNA profiles of 9 local Dagestan grape cultivars were obtained on microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera L. genotyping. The cultivars analyzed have different sets of allele combination by the loci studied. Evaluation of the genetic similarity of cultivars according to the results of microsatellite analysis showed that the genotypes of Mahbоr cibil and Aliy terskiy are closer to the Western European gene pool of V. vini fera L. than any other native varieties in the sample studied. In addition, the grapevine cultivars studied were described for the main features of the formed leaves according to the method of the international organization of vine and wine. The similarity of cultivars Gok Ala and Agadai was shown by the results of analysis of the leaves characteristics and according to SSR-profiling.Key words: native grape cultivars; Vitis vinifera L.; SSR-markers; genotyping.Местные, стародавние сорта различных регионов возделывания винограда -важная часть мирового генофонда культуры. Даге-стан -один из древнейших регионов виноградарства в Россий-ской Федерации. Некоторые дагестанские аборигенные сорта винограда возделываются в промышленном масштабе, другие же обнаруживаются в единичных экземплярах. Изучению абори-генного генофонда уделяется особое внимание во всех странах, производящих виноград. В настоящее время наиболее информа-тивным методом анализа генотипов растений являются исследо-вания на уровне ДНК. Основные характеристики листьев сортов винограда -важнейший ампелографический признак. Сорта Агадаи, Алый терский, Бор кара, Будай шули, Гок ала, Гок изюм, Махбор цибил, Яй изюм белый, Яй изюм розовый изучены нами с применением данных подходов. В результате исследования получены ДНК-профили девяти аборигенных дагестанских сортов винограда по микросателлитным локусам VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 и VrZAG79 с использованием автоматического гене-тического анализатора ABI Prism 3130. Указанные SSR-маркеры рекомендованы союзом генетиков винограда как основные для ге-нотипирования Vitis vinifera L. Изученные генотипы обладают раз-личными комбинациями аллелей проанализированных локу сов. Оценка генетиче...
DNA technology has increasingly become more and more important over last years. They can be used to improve the breeding of agricultural plants. Grapevine is one of the oldest and most important cultured plants. This article presents a review of the world's main achievements in grapevine genetics and markerassisted selection after the Vitis genome sequence. The process of creating new forms of grapes, as well as all crops, is based on the use of existing genetic diversity. For this reason, the problem of a detailed study of the gene pool of the genus Vitis, wild popu lations and varieties created by men during the long cultivation history of this crop becomes more and more important every year. The genome of Vitis vinifera L. is the fourth sequenced nuclear genome of higher plants. A number of genes and quantitative trait loci were identified and mapped by various research groups, and so were sets of DNA markers for the genes of economically valuable traits. The genes for resistance to the most harmful fungal pathogens Plasmopara vitikola, Erysiphe necator are the most studied. Advancements in genetic mapping and the use of DNA markers in traditional breeding made it possible to refine the genetic mechanism of seedlessness, an important trait in the breeding of table grapes. The study of the genetic control of the content of substances that determine the organoleptic properties of wines has also progressed. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is used in practice increasingly. Markers associated with disease resistance genes currently used for elimination of susceptible seedlings at the initial stage of large-scale breeding programs carried out in Germany, Italy and the United States. Thus, advances in molecular biology of grapevines creates a conducive situation for active use of DNA-marker technology in this culture.Key words: grapevine genome; DNA markers; identification of genes; molecular marking; markerassisted selection.В последнее время все более важную роль приобретают ДНК-тех-нологии, которые эффективно могут быть использованы для опти-мизации селекции. Виноград Vitis vinifera L. -одно из древнейших и ценнейших культурных растений. В статье приведен обзор основных мировых достижений в области генетики и селекции винограда с периода секвенирования генома виноградного рас -тения. Процесс создания новых форм винограда, как и всех куль-турных растений, базируется на использовании существующего генетического разнообразия. По этой причине проблема деталь-ного изучения генофонда рода Vitis: дикорастущих популяций и сортов, созданных человеком на протяжении длительной исто-рии возделывания данной культуры, -с каждым годом стано вится все актуальней. Геном винограда -четвертый из секвенированных ядерных геномов высших растений. Работами различных исследо-вательских коллективов был определен и картирован ряд генов и локусов количественных признаков виноградного растения, а также наборы ДНК-маркеров генов хозяйственно ценных при-знаков. Основные успехи достигнуты в изучении генов, опреде-ля ющих устойчивость к наиболе...
Table grapes are a valuable dietary product. Seedless grapes are in high demand among consumers. For this reason, the breeding of seedless varieties is one of the popular trends in modern viticulture, along with the production of environmentally friendly products. Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni) is one of the most common fungal diseases of the grapevine. Most downy mildew resistant grape accessions belong to North American species like Vitis aestivalis Michx., V. berlandieri Planch., V. cinerea (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Engelm. ex Millard, V. riparia Michx., V. rupestris Scheele, etc. The search for donors of resistance genes is an urgent task. Rpv3 is one of the most significant resistance genes from a number of North American grape varieties. The aim of this work is to identify the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv3 in seedless grape varieties by means of DNA-marker analysis. The grape varieties with rudimentary development of seed in berries and with North American species in the pedigree were chosen as the object of the study. The varieties “Dunavski lazur” and “Seyve Villard 12-375” with reference alleles were used as the positive control, while V. vinifera L. was used as the negative control. UDV305 and UDV737 DNA-markers were used in this study to identify the allelic type of the Rpv3 gene. The work was performed using the polymerase chain reaction. The reaction products were separated by capillary electrophoresis using the ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer. Evaluation of the results was done using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software. Functional alleles of the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv3 were revealed in grape varieties “Kishmish zaporozhskiy”, “Lady Patricia”, “Remaily seedless”, “Pamyati Smirnova” and “Shayan”. Rpv3299-279, one of the seven known haplotypes, was identified in all the varieties. The pedigree analysis of the studied varieties indicated that the parental forms – “Seyve Villard” and “Seibel” hybrids – are presumably the donors of the gene. Grape accessions with the identified Rpv3 gene can be used in seedless varieties breeding as donors of resistance to downy mildew.
Nowadays there is much tension in the Russian modern vine growing industry around the issue of enhancing the range of grape varieties, which is aimed at production of highly adaptive grape plants and sustainable production of competitive grape varieties in the unstable stressing weather conditions of the moderate continental climate in the south of Russia. In this view, we believe it important to carry out research into the origin, generation and preser vation of genetic resources so that they can be involved in the selection process and reach most important objectives of the national economy. The role of a variety and ampelo graphic collections becomes more important. The Anapa ampelographic collection (http://azosviv.info/category/ osnovnye_razdely/anapskaya_ampelograficheskaya_kol lekciya) is Russia's largest gene pool depository of grape varieties brought from various countries of Europe, Asia and America, and Russia's regions as well. It contains 4 921 grape varieties, including Vitis vinifera L. (2 975), V. amuren sis Rupr. (40), V. labrusca L. (50), the interspecies varieties V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr. (210), V. vinifera L. × V. lab rusca L. (168), blended interspecies hybrids V. vinifera L. × hybrids SV (220), V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr. × hyb rids SV (70), and other samples. We carry out extensive research into collection varieties for their production and selection. We select varieties and forms showing good ag ronomic characters in productivity, quality of grapes and wine products, winter hardiness, drought resistance, and resistance to pests. We have identified, preserved and now use in selection, as sources of good agronomic characters of resistance to low temperatures in winter, such varieties
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