The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.
Проанализирована роль селекции в совершенствовании сортимента яблони в России. Отмечена эффективность работы по селекции яблони 9 научно-исследовательских учреждений страны. По каждому учреждению указаны новые сорта яблони, включенные в Госреестр селекционных достижений, допущенных к использованию (районированные) в 2018 г. На выведение сорта авторами затрачивается от 18 до 49 лет, при этом на сокращение время создания сорта влияют исходные формы, слаборослые подвои, совмещение этапов селекционного процесса (прежде всего первичного и государственного испытания). Однако еще больший отрезок времени проходит до широкого внедрения их в производство от включения сортов в Госреестр. Так, для сортов Синап орловский, Орлик и Орловское полосатое, которые сейчас популярны и занимают большие площади садов, ушло от 27 до 30 лет. В связи с этим предлагается производственное испытание лучших новых сортов яблони начинать в селекционных учреждениях их создания и в промышленных садах уже при передаче сорта на государственное испытание. Решение данной проблемы обеспечит внедрение новых сортов яблони в широкое производство и приведет к скорейшему импортозамещению плодовой продукции в стране, тем более, что в настоящее время отечественные селекционеры создали более продуктивные сорта яблони во всех двенадцати регионах России.
Pear breeding has been carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (previously, Orel Fruit-Berry Experimental Station) since 1949. As a result of large-scale breeding work during this period, 3 pear cultivars with summer fruit ripening – Orlovskaya Krasavitsa, Orlovskaya Letnya and Pamyatnaya, 4 cultivars with autumn fruit ripening-Yeseninskaya, Muratovskaya, Pamyat Parshina, Tyutchevskaya and Lira with winter fruit ripening were created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The article gives brief economic and biological characteristics of 8 new pear cultivars.
Breeding for creating apple varieties not only adaptive, perishable, high-yielding, with high commodity and consumer qualities of fruits, but also with fruits rich in sugar, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and P-active substances has been conducted for about 50 years at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK). Apple varieties with the improved biochemical composition of fruit are briefly described in this article. The long-term study made it possible to identify 3 varieties among apple varieties of VNIISPK breeding that have high content of sugars in fruit including Blagodat – 13.3 %, Vavilovskoye – 13.0 and Ministr Kisilev -13.1 % , with an average sugar content in 58 varieties-10.6 %. The best varieties by the content of ascorbic acid in fruits were Ivanovskoye – 19.5 mg/100 g, Veteran – 19.4, Nizkorosloye – 18.0 and Pepin Orlovsky – 15.3 mg/100 g. With an average content of P-active substances 364 mg/100 g in 58 varieties the best varieties were Candil Orlovsky – 558, Orlovsky Pioner – 514, Pamyaty Khitrovo – 480 and Radost Nadezhdy – 474 mg/100 g. The long-term work has shown that by breeding it is possible to improve significantly the biochemical composition of the fruit in apple. The introduction of intensive orchards into production with apple varieties having high content of sugars, ascorbic acid and P-active substances gives an opportunity to increase the food and medicine value of fruits without additional costs.
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