The article provides a list and details the content of tasks solved within the forensic land survey and construction examinations assigned during trials on land disputes. Said tasks are classified by the type of conducted research. The work of a forensic expert in a case begins with the establishment of presence (absence) of the object of examination (the existential task). At first, the presence of title, legal, and other documents for the disputed land and buildings (structures) located on it is established. In the absence of certain documents necessary for the study, the expert takes measures to replace them. When conducting field studies, the expert establishes the existence of civil dispute’s objects on the ground. After that, the expert solves the identification task – establishes the identity of these objects with their documentary display. It also should be identified to which specific class, kind, type the object belongs (addressing classification task) – it allows verifying the category of land and the type of permitted use of the disputed land; recognizing the kind, type, and functional purpose of the construction objects located on it. The solution of the attributive task aims at identifying the properties of the objects under examination, which relate to its subject, the content of questions raised by the court before the expert. The solution of the situational task helps to establish the relative position of objects. The expert determines whether there is an intersection of the borders of adjacent plots, sets the distance from construction sites to the boundaries of the land. Particular attention is paid to structures that are sources of negative impact on the neighboring property. The position of the property regarding the zones with special conditions of the use is also to be determined. The purpose of addressing the diagnostic task is to ascertain the condition of the land in terms of possibility to use it for its intended purpose taking into account the type of permitted use and to determine the technical condition of construction objects located on the land plot. The cost task solution aims at determining the market, and other value of the land, the number of costs required to restore the land after being exposed to destructive natural and technogenic factors. The main direction of research when solving the transformative task is to ascertain the possibility and develop options for a real division of the land plot and the construction sites located on it between their owners following the conditions set by the court.
This paper considers issues related to the establishment of the presence and types of causal connections among events, actions, phenomena and processes investigated based on technical forensic construction expertise during the building of judicial cases. The authors, practising forensic experts, disclose the common principles that allow for the development of universal approaches to establishing the causes of accidents in construction; determining the causes of the initiation and progression of destructive processes in the bearing and enclosing structures of raised and operated buildings, structures and constructions; and establishing conditions and circumstances for the given mode of operation failure of engineering maintenance systems of apartment houses, offices and industrial premises. Consistently, the paper presents and gives examples from practice of such causal relationships as ‘immediate’ and ‘direct’; the concept of ‘sufficiency of conditions’ is revealed with respect to the negative consequences that have occurred with the alternative possibility of their occurrence due to the influence of other factors; and the value of the relationship in time of certain actions and a specific event is determined.
The goal of the research is to develop a of Global Navigation Satellite Systems quality monitoring methodology based on available equipment in the satellite navigation laboratory of the National Aviation University (Kyiv, Ukraine). For successful the goal achievement it is necessary to solve follow list of tasks: to determine the composition of the necessary equipment and order of it installing and connection; to develop the necessary software for processing received GNSS data; to estimate the GNSS characteristics with the help of experimental data. The primary focus of this research is on the following characteristics: accuracy (in terms of deviation coordinates in horizontal and vertical planes from the coordinates of the reference station and numerical values in meters); integrity information (summarized in the form of horizontal and Stanford plots); overall availability of service – measured as the availability of signals meeting the requirements for instrumented approaches with vertical guidance (APV) APV-1, APV-2, and Category 1 (CAT-1) precision approaches to runways. The main result of this research is developing software that could be applied for continuous monitoring of GNSS performances. The possibilities of it were successfully tested with the help of experimental data received from GPS and Galileo satellites.
The article presents a detailed examination of typical forensic situations requiring various specialized knowledge for their resolution, primarily in the field of land management. The first of them stems from land disputes over the location, configuration and area of land, as well as real estate related to it. The article presents a list of issues to be resolved by a forensic land surveyor who should have specialized knowledge in the fields of land management, cadastre and registration of real estate as well as from related fields. The second situation is due to the conflicts related to the right of shared ownership on land, dwellings and household constructions located at the premises. Forensic research of this type is presented in stages. It is noted that in this situation both specialized land management and engineering knowledge is applied, which allows to define the type and kind of buildings located on the land in question, the degree of their physical wear and tear, the size of premises as well as other technical characteristics which collectively enable an expert to say whether it is possible to actually split the disputed house and grounds, to consider its options and present them graphically. The third forensic situation is aimed at reviewing the question of whether the building under study is an obstacle to the use of the land (unauthorized construction). A judge’s and expert’s purview in resolving such issues is defined. Particular attention is paid to field observations including search, detection, fixation and evaluation of the characteristics of the construction site located on the land plot. The fourth situation involves disputes over the cadastral value of land plots engaging both a forensic expert and an appraiser. It is shown that although both determine the value of the disputed property their activity differs significantly.
Based on a detailed analysis of the specifics of teaching the foundations of forensic engineering and construction forensics, as well as distinguishing features of the forensic field itself, the authors identify a number of significant didactic problems and offer solutions. Emphasizing the importance of this type of expertise in modern legal proceedings, a convincing case is made for continuous efforts to improve professional training of the next generation of specialists in the field of construction forensics.
In this paper, the main problems of scheduling screenings for a cinema were considered. The activity of one cinema “X” is described and the restrictions that must be observed and taken into account when planning the schedule of sessions are analyzed. The solution to this problem is due to the complexity and time-consuming planning of the cinema schedule. To achieve this goal, the article analyzes the statistical data obtained in the cinema “X”. An analysis was carried out using the methods of statistical data analysis and predictive factors of movie attendance were identified, regression models of attendance were developed. Based on the developed regression models, statistical estimates of attendance predictive factors were obtained. Taking into account the results obtained, an optimization mathematical model for the formation of a rental schedule has been developed, which makes it possible to increase the box office of a cinema.
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