ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», г. Москва, РФ 2 ФГБОУ ВО «Российский научно-исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» МЗ РФ, г. Москва, РФ 3 ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека», г. Москва, РФ Цель исследования: изучение особенностей диагностики внутрибрюшной лимфаденопатии у ВИЧ-позитивных пациентов, определение оптимальных дифференциально-диагностических критериев. Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ медицинской документации 113 больных ВИЧ-инфекцией с внутрибрюшной лимфаденопатией за 2012-2017 гг. Пациентам выполнено комплексное обследование, включавшее лучевые и эндоскопические методы, лабораторные исследования, изучение биоптатов лимфатических узлов, а также микробиологические и молекулярно-генетические методы. Результаты. По результатам комплексного обследования, в том числе и инвазивной диагностики, этиология внутрибрюшной аденопатии установлена у всех 113 пациентов: у 75 (66,4%) верифицирован туберкулез, у 29 (25,7%)-микобактериальная инфекция и у 9 (8,8%)лимфопролиферативное заболевание. Представлены дифференциально-диагностические критерии этих заболеваний.
Aim. Study of the current state of problems of treatment of patients with tuberculosis based on literature data and their own experience. Materials and methods. In the Russian Federation, the number and proportion of patients with co-infection with HIV/tuberculosis continues to increase against the background of improvement in the main epidemiological indicants for tuberculosis. In 2017, 20.9% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients had HIV infection. The combination of the two infections significantly complicates the further improvement of the situation with tuberculosis, and the appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sometimes completely neutralizes the results of chemotherapy. The article describes the schemes of modern tuberculosis chemotherapy taking into account HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, as well as MDR in combination with surgical treatment methods, as well as analyzes the data of epidemiological monitoring of treatment of 1115 tuberculosis patients newly diagnosed in 2017 in Moscow, 360 tuberculosis patients with MDR MBT (cohort 20132014), the results of treatment with the use of new chemotherapy regimens for tuberculosis (bedaquiline, linezolid, moxifloxacin) in 36 patients, the effectiveness and safety of surgical methods in 192 patients. Results. The application of new individualized anti-TB chemotherapy schedules in patients with HIV co-infection/tuberculosis with MDR-MBT has allowed to improve the treatment efficacy. The surgical intervention combined with modern chemotherapy regimens in patients with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection with MDR MBT has been proved to be effective and safe, contributes to the improving the results of treatment for this category of patients. Conclusion. The confluence of two global problems of co-infection HIV/TB and MDR TB, significantly prevents from the end of the tuberculosis epidemic in the world. At the same time, advances in the development and implementation of new anti-TB drugs and surgical treatment methods give hope for significant progress for resolving this situation.
Проведен анализ результатов видеоэндоскопических методов диагностики заболеваний органов грудной клетки у ВИЧинфицированных пациентов. Выполнены следующие видеоэндохирургические и видеоассистированные оперативные вмешательства: видеоторакоскопия, биопсия плевры/легкого/лимфоузла-55 (70,5%); видеомедиастиноскопия, биопсия лимфатических узлов средостения-17 (21,7%); резекция легкого (сегментарная или лобэктомия)-5 (6,5%); пневмонэктомия-1 (1,3%). Из 78 оперированных пациентов диагноз туберкулеза был установлен у 56 (71,8%), нетуберкулезную этиологию имели 22 (28,2%) пациента, наиболее часто встречаются неспецифические плевриты-11 (14,1%), лимфомы-5 (6,4%) и доброкачественные образования легких-3 (3,8%). Использование видеоэндохирургических методов в диагностике заболеваний органов грудной клетки является безопасным, эффективным и не приводит к значительному числу осложнений и летальности среди больных ВИЧ-инфекцией вне зависимости от исходного иммунного статуса. Ключевые слова: ВИЧ-инфекция, туберкулез легких, видеоторакоскопия (ВТС), видеоассистированная торакоскопическая хирургия (ВАТС).
ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы», Клиника № 2, Москва, Россия Цель исследования: поиск наилучших подходов к хирургическому лечению перфоративных туберкулезных язв кишечника у больных с поздними стадиями ВИЧ-инфекции� Проанализирован опыт хирургического лечения 136 пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией и туберкулез-ными язвами кишечника� Пациенты были разделены на четыре группы в зависимости от вида выполненного оперативного вмешательства и послеоперационной тактики� У пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией и перфоративными туберкулезными язвами кишечника выполнение резекции участка кишки с язвами и на-ложение отсроченного анастомоза (после стиханий явлений перитонита) или ушивание перфоративных язв, назоинтестинальная интубация и программная санация брюшной полости являются наиболее оптимальным способом хирургического лечения, что в сочетании с адекватной противотуберкулезной терапией позволяет снизить процент послеоперационных осложнений и уменьшить летальность� ключевые слова: ВИЧ-инфекция, туберкулез кишечника, резекция кишки, межкишечный анастомоз, перитонит, назоинтестинальная ин-тубация /2075-1230-2017-95-9-19-24 За последние годы в РФ отмечено увеличение числа случаев туберкулеза органов брюшной по-лости (ТОБП), частота которого колеблется от 3 до 16% среди других внелегочных локализаций туберкулеза [2, 3, 5]� ТОБП составляет около чет-верти среди внелегочных локализаций туберкулеза у больных с поздними стадиями ВИЧ-инфекции� Наиболее грозным осложнением ТОБП является перфорация специфических язв кишечника с ле-тальностью до 80%� Трудности лечения больных этой категории обусловлены поздним выявлением ТОБП, протекающего с выраженной интоксикаци-ей, легочно-сердечной недостаточностью, иммуно-дефицитом и недостаточностью нутритивного ста-туса� Это приводит к быстрому прогрессированию перитонита и развитию полиорганной недостаточ-ности [1, 4, 6-9]� Цель исследования: поиск наилучших подходов к хирургическому лечению перфоративных тубер-кулезных язв кишечника у больных с поздними стадиями ВИЧ-инфекции� Материалы и методы Хирургическое лечение проведено 136 пациен-там с перфоративными туберкулезными язвами кишечника, находившимся на лечении в хирурги-ческом отделении Московского городского науч-но-практического центра борьбы с туберкулезом в 2003-2013 гг� Мужчин было 103 (75,7%), женщин -33 (24,3%), возраст больных -от 21 до 51 года, у всех пациентов была ВИЧ-инфекция 4В стадии� В ком-плекс обследования пациентов входили рентгено-логические (обзорная рентгенография и КТ органов
The current epidemiological situation in the world, characterized by a constant increase in the number of HIV-infected. The steady progression of HIV infection, even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), is accompanied by the development of opportunistic diseases. Tubercolosis most often affects patients with HIV infection, as the risk of their illness is 20–37 times higher. Basically, radiation tests and immunological tests are used for the diagnostic of tuberculosis. The main diagnostic criterion for establishing the diagnosis of tuberculosis is detection of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis by bacteriological or molecular genetic method. Other diseases with respiratory organs, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes may also occur In patients with HIV infection, which requires differential diagnostic, including surgical methods. It is often necessary to resort to a biopsy of pulmonary tissue, pleura, and hilar lymph nodes to establish a diagnosis. Among surgical methods, the use of minimally invasive operations using endoscopic techniques is most justified. Purpose of the study. Study of safety and effectiveness of the use of surgical methods in the diagnostic of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection. Materials and methods. The results of 105 diagnostic thoracic surgeries in patients with HIV infection which were performed in Moscow Research andClinicalCenterfor Tuberculosis Control of Moscow city Department in period between 2014–2017 were studied. All patients underwent diagnostic surgical interventions. Minimally invasive methods were predominantly used. The obtained diagnostic material was subjected to morphological, molecular-genetic and bacteriological analysis. Results of the research. After surgical interventions in patients with HIV infection with pathological changes in chest organs, unclear etiology, diagnosis of tuberculosis was established in 74 (70,5%) patients, nontuberculous etiology of the disease was detected in 31 (29,5%). Differential diagnosis of chest diseases in patients with HIV infection is an integral part of the work of phthisiatrician, pulmonologist and infectiologist. Surgical interventions in HIV-infected patients do not create a significant risk of changes in the immune status, respectively, their performance is independent of the level of lymphocytes and produced even with severe immunodeficiency. The use of surgical methods in diagnostic of chest diseases is safe, effective and does not lead to a significant number of complications and mortality in patients with HIV infection, regardless of the initial immune status. In addition, in number of patients, the operation is not only diagnostic, but also therapeutic, allowing significantly shortening the duration of treatment, avoiding the appointment of trial therapy. The conclusion. In case of tuberculosis, morphological verification of pathological changes in combination with bacteriological and molecular genetic research of the operation material makes it possible to assign an adequate regime of antituberculous chemotherapy in accordance with the sensitivity of the pathogen. The establishment of non-tuberculous etiology of the identified changes, changes the routing of an HIV-infected patient from an anti-tuberculosis institution to a specialized medical organization of the appropriate profile.
Currently tuberculosis is considered as a group of diseases united by one etiological factor. The pathogenesis of certain localizations of tuberculous inflammation, in particular peritoneum tuberculosis, hasn’t been sufficiently studied. The role of cytokine mechanisms in the development of the disease and the elaboration of non-sterile immunity requires further experimental studies, in particular the creation of a reproducible model on laboratory animals.The aim: to study the effect of TNF-α on the development of tuberculosis of the serous coat of the abdominal cavity, as well as to evaluate the possibility of modeling tuberculous peritonitis in laboratory animals using infliximab.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 18 male rabbits, which were simulated peritoneal tuberculosis by intra-abdominal administration of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 10 rabbits of the experimental group were intravenously injected with an infliximab solution and an iron (III) hydroxide sucrose complex intraperitoneally a day before infection.Results. In the control group of animals, tuberculosis either didn’t develop, or in a third of cases it affected only the pulmonary parenchyma, while proliferative processes prevailed. On the contrary, in animals with inactivated TNF-α, in 100 % of observations, tuberculous peritonitis was detected with associated lung damage and the predominance of alterative caseous processes.Conclusion. The created model of tuberculous peritonitis shows the leading role of TNF-α in the activation of macrophages, as well as in attracting cells to the site of infection. This is the primary signal necessary for the formation and stability of granulomas since the neutralization of this cytokine leads to a loss of control over the infection and the destruction of the granuloma with the development of destructive tuberculosis in the serous coat of the abdominal cavity.
The double burden of the novel coronavirus infection and tuberculosis (TB) is a global challenge. The aspects of emergency surgical care for patients with COVID-19 and TB coinfection remain understudied. The aim of this study was to assess treatment outcomes in acute surgical patients with COVID-19 and preexisting TB coinfection. In 2020, our Center delivered surgical care to 465 patients with COVID-19 and preexisting TB; a total of 64 emergency surgeries were performed on 36 (5.6%) patients, of whom 16 had HIV. Thirteen patients (36.1%) were diagnosed with pulmonary TB; 23 patients (63.9%) had disseminated TB. Chest CT scans showed >25% lung involvement in 61.9% of the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, 25–50% lung involvement in 30.6% of the patients, and 50–75% lung involvement in 5.6% of the patients. By performing abdominal CT, we were able to detect abdominal TB complications, including perforated tuberculous ulcers of the intestine, intestinal obstruction and tuberculous peritonitis, as well as tuberculous spondylitis complicated by psoas abscess. Of all surgical interventions, 28.2% were abdominal, 23.2% were thoracic, 15.6% were surgeries for soft tissue infection, and 32.8% were other types of surgery. Postoperative mortality was 22.2%. We conclude that COVID-19 did not contribute significantly to postoperative mortality among acute surgical patients with TB.
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