Purpose: To summarize data on graduation of the effect size on the base of Hill’s first causality criterion ‘strength of association’ on the magnitude of the correlation coefficient (mainly Pearson r). Material and methods: Survey of published sources: monographs, handbooks, papers, educational material on statistics in various disciplines (including on-line), etc. (121 references; of which more than 20 textbooks on statistical methods and statistics in psychology and 8 textbooks on epidemiology). Results: Estimation of the strength of association by the correlation size is most common in psycho-sociological disciplines and is almost never used in epidemiology (since the establishment of a fact of statistically significant association/correlation in epidemiology is only the initial stage of evidence, unlike the experimental and named disciplines). A number of known scales for r were obtained: the Chaddok scale (R.E. Chaddock) from 1925, which is now apparently not used abroad, but widely represented in the countries of the former USSR, the Cohen scale (J. Cohen) from 1969–1988, reflecting the ‘soft’ criteria of causality in psychology, D.E. Hinkle with co-authors scale (1979–2003) and the Evans scale (J.D. Evans) from 1996. A number of other graduations, published in the singular, are also given. A total of at least 16 different scales of varying degrees were collected for the correlation coefficient r (1925–2019). The information about the value of r for correlations, which should be neglected was presented. Depending on the source, this is r <0.1; r <0.2 or r <0.3. The data on the possibility of transferring graduations from the Pearson coefficient r to the Spearman correlation coefficient and other parameters of the effect size are given. The question of the difference between estimation of strength of association in epidemiology and medicine and in psycho-sociological disciplines is considered. Unlike the second, in epidemiology and medicine a small value of the correlation coefficient does not necessarily mean a small effect size. Conclusions: To estimate the value of r one should use the most common and officially established scales, with the exception of the strongly ‘soft’ Cohen scale. The present study can be used as a reference guide on the graduations of effect size on r for a wide variety of observation disciplines.
Purpose: To summarize data on graduation of the effect size on the base of Hill’s first causality criterion ‘Strength of association’ on relative risk parameters (RR). Material and methods: Survey of published sources: monographs, handbooks, papers, educational material on statistics in various disciplines (including on-line), etc. (128 references; of which about 30 handbooks on epidemiology, carcinogenesis and medical statistics). Results: For the RR value, the collected data summary (1980–2018) implies non-homogeneity in concepts. The most common references are to the Monson scale (two editions of the monograph on the epidemiology of occupational exposures Monson R.R., 1980; 1990). In our opinion, the optimal graduation can be developed on the basis of this scale, and it should include both the range of no effect (RR = 0.9–1.2) and the weak (RR = 1.2–1.5, or 0.7–0.9), moderate (RR = 1.5–3.0, or 0.4–0.7), strong (RR = 3.0–10.0; or 0.1–0.4) and very strong’(RR = 10.0–40.0; or 0.0–0.1) ranges. Examples of epidemiological effects with overwhelming strength of association are presented (RR > 40.0). For the effects of thalidomide, RR reached thousands, for diethylstilbestrol, conditional infinity, and when irradiated in childhood, the frequency of some cancers increased tens and even hundreds of times. The juristic aspects of compensation payment based on RR are briefly reviewed. According to the Daubert rule (Daubert ruling, Daubert standard) on the 1993 precedent in the United States, risks are recognized only at RR > 2.0, when the probability of causality is more than 50 %. Conclusions: To estimate the RR value, one should use the most common and officially established Monson scale, albeit with an expansion in the range of dramatic or overhelming risks. This study can be used as a reference guide on the graduations of effect size on RR (OR) for a wide variety of observed disciplines.
The link between the health level of an employee and his professional reliability is currently obvious and does not require additional proof. The implementation of measures aimed at reducing the risks of developing emergency situations due to the fault of the human factor at nuclear facilities is an important element of the radiation protection system. In order to achieve the above goals of the organization in accordance with Federal Law No. 170-FZ of 21.11.1995, the performance of certain types of work in the field of atomic energy use requires special permits from Rostechnadzor. A prerequisite for obtaining such a permit for a specialist is the absence of psychophysiological contraindications based on the results of a psychophysiological examination. In this study, the analysis of the results of psychophysiological examinations (hereinafter referred to as PPhE) of employees of atomic energy facilities, carried out by specialists of the A.I. Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre in 2020.
Aim. Study of the current state of problems of treatment of patients with tuberculosis based on literature data and their own experience. Materials and methods. In the Russian Federation, the number and proportion of patients with co-infection with HIV/tuberculosis continues to increase against the background of improvement in the main epidemiological indicants for tuberculosis. In 2017, 20.9% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients had HIV infection. The combination of the two infections significantly complicates the further improvement of the situation with tuberculosis, and the appearance of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sometimes completely neutralizes the results of chemotherapy. The article describes the schemes of modern tuberculosis chemotherapy taking into account HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, as well as MDR in combination with surgical treatment methods, as well as analyzes the data of epidemiological monitoring of treatment of 1115 tuberculosis patients newly diagnosed in 2017 in Moscow, 360 tuberculosis patients with MDR MBT (cohort 20132014), the results of treatment with the use of new chemotherapy regimens for tuberculosis (bedaquiline, linezolid, moxifloxacin) in 36 patients, the effectiveness and safety of surgical methods in 192 patients. Results. The application of new individualized anti-TB chemotherapy schedules in patients with HIV co-infection/tuberculosis with MDR-MBT has allowed to improve the treatment efficacy. The surgical intervention combined with modern chemotherapy regimens in patients with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection with MDR MBT has been proved to be effective and safe, contributes to the improving the results of treatment for this category of patients. Conclusion. The confluence of two global problems of co-infection HIV/TB and MDR TB, significantly prevents from the end of the tuberculosis epidemic in the world. At the same time, advances in the development and implementation of new anti-TB drugs and surgical treatment methods give hope for significant progress for resolving this situation.
The article considers the waveguide and resonator methods for measuring the dielectric constant. It is shown that the dielectric constant in the microwave range is a linear function of grain density, and the transverse resonator can be used to determine the moisture content of a moving grain flow.
ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», Москва, Россия Цель исследования: изучение результатов хирургического лечения туберкулеза у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией� Материалы и методы. Проанализированы результаты хирургического лечения 345 больных ВИЧ-инфекцией и туберкулезом органов дыхания, им выполнено 355 операций� Небольшие вмешательства (189/355; 53,2%) выполнены как срочные у 181 пациента, в основном с низким иммунным статусом� Плановые операции (166/355; 46,8%) выполнены у 164 пациентов, в основном по поводу туберкулеза или его осложнений� Результаты. У 345 прооперированных пациентов было 2,0% послеоперационных осложнений, связанных с операцией, 1,2% осложнений, не связанных напрямую с хирургическим вмешательством, 0,9% летальных исходов� Резекционные операции были успешно выполнены и у пациентов, не получавших антиретровирусную терапию при низком иммунном статусе� Все 3 случая летальных исходов были у пациентов с уровнем CD4 SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN HIV PATIENTS M. V. SINITSYN, N. YU. VIRSKIY, M. V. TITYUKHINА, B. G. BАRSKIY, T. I. АBU АRKUB, M. V. KАLININА Moscow Municipal Scientific Practical Center of Tuberculosis Control, Moscow, RussiaThe objective of the study: to study the outcomes of surgical treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients� Subjects and methods. Surgery outcomes in 345 HIV patients with respiratory tuberculosis were analyzed; totally, 355 surgeries were performed on them� Minor surgeries (189/355; 53�2%) done due to emergency reasons were performed in 181 patients, mostly in those with severe immune suppression� 164 patients had planned surgeries (166/355; 46�8%) mostly due to tuberculosis and its complications� Results. In 345 operated patients, post-operative complications related to surgery made 2�0%, complications not related directly to surgery made 1�2%, and lethal outcomes made 0�9%� Surgery resections were successful even in the patients receiving no antiretroviral therapy with severe immune suppression� All 3 lethal outcomes occurred in the patients with CD4+ count below 200 cell/mcl and they made 2�3% among such patients� /2075-1230-2018-96-7-18-24 Современная эпидемическая ситуация характе-ризуется постоянным увеличением числа больных ВИЧ-инфекцией [7, 10]� Это связано как с регистра-цией новых случаев заболевания, так и с продлени-ем срока жизни пациентов в результате широкого применения антиретровирусной терапии (АРТ) [1, 2]� Неуклонное прогрессирование ВИЧ-инфек-ции сопровождается присоединением вторичных заболеваний, которые часто и определяют длитель-ность жизни пациентов� Одним из наиболее часто встречающихся вторичных заболеваний является туберкулез, риск развития туберкулеза у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией в 20-37 раз выше, чем у ВИЧ-не-гативных лиц [9]� Необходимость хирургического лечения тубер-кулеза у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией возникает при недостаточной эффективности противотуберкулез-ной химиотерапии или при осложненном течении заболевания� Наиболее часто это случается при туберкулезе ...
Introduction. Primary immune thrombocytopenia is a rare disease1. The incidence of ITP is not well estimated in Russia and worldwide. In adults it varies from 1,6 to 3,9/100 000 person-years2-3. The gender and age-associated results are discussed and differ in several investigations4-6. Study objectives: evaluation of the incidence of primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults in one region of Russia Patients and methods. The data source is the Registry of the patients with primary ITP in Russia. 272 adult patients: 77 males (28%) and 195 females (72%), age from 16 to 89 years (median 44 years) with ITP (ICD-10 code D69.3), newly diagnosed cases during the period from 12 Jan 2014 to 24 May 2016. Results. 221 (81%) cases were newly diagnosed in 12 regions of Russia in which registration was performed most actively - more than 5 cases for the duration of the study. But only one region was selected for the first evaluation of epidemiological characteristics because of the number of reasons. There is one hematological central clinic in this region in which diagnosis of ITP can be verified and patients with ITP are treated and monitored most properly. The early started and fully performed registration process can be regarded as covered most part of region population in this target region. 86 cases (27 male, 59 female) were registered in the target region. The gender-age distribution was following: male: age <41 = 10 (37%), age <41-60 = 7 (26%), age >60 = 10 (37%); female: age <29 = 10 (49%), age <41-60 = 15 (25%), age >60 = 15 (25%). The estimated incidence rate in the target region is shown in table 1. The estimated incidence rates in gender-age strata in the target region are demonstrated in table 2. Conclusion. Overall ITP incidence in one region of Russia is 3.20/100 000 person-years. It is compatible to the incidence in other European countries. Our data demonstrate the rise of incidence rate in males with age and its decrease with age in female population. Literature. 1) Rodeghiero F., Stasi R., Gernsheimer T., Michel M., Provan D., Arnold D.M., et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from international working group. Blood. 2009; 113(11): 2386--93. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-162503. 2) Terrell DR, Beebe LA, Vesely SK, Neas BR, Segal JB, George JN. The incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults: A critical review of published reports. Am J Hematol. 2010; 85(3): 174-180. 3) Moulis G, Palmaro A, Montastruc J-L, Godeau B, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Sailler L. Epidemiology of incident immune thrombocytopenia: a natiowide population-based study in France. Blood. 2014; 124(22): 3308-3315. 4) Segal JB, Powe NR. Prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia: analyses of administrative data. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 2377-83 5) Schoonen WM, Kucera G, Coelson J, et al. Epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in the General Practise Research Database. Br J Haematol 2009; 145(2): 235-244. 6) Lisukov I.A., Maschan A.A., Shamardina A.V., Chagorova T.V., Davydkin I.L., Sycheva T.M., et al. Immune thrombocytopenia: clinical manifestations and response to therapy. Intermediate analysis of data of the Russian register of patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia and review of literature. Oncogematologiya. 2013; 2: 61--9]. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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