This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term «risk» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as «risk factor», «group of risk», «risk area», and «risk period». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic «risk» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of «risk» is the basic paradigm of this science.
Антибактериальная активность бензидамина гидрохлорида против клинических изолятов бактерий, выделенных от людей в России и Испании Резюме Цель. Изучить антибактериальную активность бензидамина гидрохлорида против клинических изолятов бактерий, выделенных в лечебных учреждениях России, и сравнить полученные данные с данными аналогичного исследования на клинических изолятах бактерий, выделенных в Испании. Материалы и методы. В исследовании использовали клинические изоляты бактерий, относящихся к типичным возбудителям инфекций в отоларингологии и гинекологии: Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp. и Streptococcus spp., выделенные от пациентов лечебных учреждений России; референс-штаммы Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus и Streptococcus agalactiae, полученные из коллекции ATCC; а также штамм Lactobacillus acidophilus, выделенный из пробиотического препарата «Лактобактерин». Антибактериальную активность препарата бензидамина гидрохлорида определяли методом серийных разведений в агаре. Полученные результаты сравнивали с данными испанского исследования по изучению активности бензидамина против клинических изолятов и референс-штаммов, проведенного на базе микробиологического подраз
The main direction of improving the quality of medical care for pregnant women, mothers and newborns is to improve the diagnosis and prevention of inflammatory infections, including healthcare-associated infections (HAI). A huge number of types of causative agents of opportunistic infections in women and newborns significantly complicates the etiological diagnosis and timely, adequate treatment at all stages of medical care. Recently, we have seen the emergence and spread of multi-resistant strains: bacteria from the ESKAPE-pathogens group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterobacter cloacae); as well as coagulase-negative staphylococci and yeasts, which easily realize their pathogenic potential for immunocompromised patients. The changed epidemiological situation requires the creation and functioning of a local system of surveillance of opportunistic infections in obstetrics and neonatology, primarily for the HAI, which will quickly monitor changes occurring in the etiological, intraspecific, strain structure of pathogens and respond to them in a timely manner. The evolution of technologies in microbiology allows introducing new approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infections. Active use of modern methods of etiological diagnostics, development and application of innovative antimicrobial drugs in combination with coordinated work of physicians, microbiologists, clinical pharmacologists, epidemiologists and specialists in the field of molecular biology and bioinformatics is the key to the formation of new opportunities for epidemiological surveillance and prevention of infections in childbirth.
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