The transcription factor FOSL1 plays an important role in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Primarily, FOSL1 is crucial for the differentiation of several cell lineages, namely adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. In solid tumors, FOSL1 controls the progression of tumor cells through the epithelial–mesenchymal transformation. In this review, we summarize the available data on FOSL1 expression, stabilization, and degradation in the cell. We discuss how FOSL1 is integrated into the intracellular signaling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive analysis of FOSL1 influence on gene expression. We also analyze the pathological changes caused by altered Fosl1 expression in genetically modified mice. In addition, we dedicated a separate section of the review to the role of FOSL1 in human cancer. Primarily, we focus on the FOSL1 expression pattern in solid tumors, FOSL1 importance as a prognostic factor, and FOSL1 perspectives as a molecular target for anticancer therapy.

Тенденции по увеличению продолжительности жизни, которые наблюдаются в последние десятилетия, напрямую затрагивают деятельность акушера-гинеколога ввиду того, что женщинам необходимо не только прожить долгую жизнь, но и снизить количество заболеваний, развитие которых нередко связано с наступлением периода менопаузального перехода и постменопаузы. Задача врачей – помочь пациенткам максимально мягко войти в период постменопаузы, минимизировав проявления климактерического синдрома. В настоящее время наиболее эффективным методом терапии ранних климактерических симптомов является менопаузальная гормональная терапия. В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к проведению менопаузальной гормональной терапии при возникновении менопаузальных расстройств, подходы к подбору менопаузальной гормональной терапии с учетом особенностей каждой конкретной пациентки. Рассматриваются терапевтические эффекты и возможности менопаузальной гормональной терапии, проблемы ее приемлемости, а также ведение пациенток в постменопаузальном периоде с маточными кровотечениями. The trends in life expectancy that have been observed in recent decades directly affect the activities of an obstetrician-gynecologist due to the fact that women need not only to live a long life, but also to reduce the number of diseases, the development of which is often associated with the onset of the menopausal transition and postmenopause. The task of doctors is to help patients to enter the postmenopausal period as gently as possible, minimizing the manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. Currently, the most effective method of treating early climacteric symptoms is menopausal hormone therapy. The article discusses modern approaches to the conduct of menopausal hormone therapy in the event of menopausal disorders, approaches to the selection of menopausal hormone therapy, taking into account the characteristics of each individual patient. The therapeutic effects and possibilities of menopausal hormone therapy, the problems of its acceptability, as well as the management of postmenopausal patients with uterine bleeding are considered.

Iron deficiency anemia is a frequent companion in postmenopausal women and those who have reached adulthood. Anemia in mild form in elderly women often occurs almost asymptomatically. Over time, iron deficiency progresses: severe complications occur, the quality of life decreases significantly, and the prognosis for life becomes unfavorable. A cross-section of the literature data in recent years shows that iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency, gastrointestinal diseases, pathologies in the processes of erythropoiesis and other somatic diseases come to the fore in terms of the etiological factors of anemia in elderly women. An important role in the development of anemia in older women is played by an irrational diet throughout life, which causes a lack of iron and folate in food. That is why therapy with a complex drug, which includes iron (II) fumarate in combination with folic acid is a rational choice in comparison with iron monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of anemia in elderly women. The administration of oral iron preparations for the correction of iron deficiency and for the purpose of selecting an effective pathogenetic therapy for anemia solves the problem of complications and improves the quality of life of older women. Iron (II) fumarate + folic acid - a tablet form of iron preparation in combination with folic acid for oral use, which has good tolerability, quickly replenishes iron reserves in the body of elderly patients, reducing mortality in this age group.

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The article is devoted to an urgent issue - rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The symptoms of arthritis appear in women during menopause. Literature data show that it is often during period of poor reproductive function that the disease first manifests itself in women. RA significantly affects the prognosis of women’s life expectancy and quality. The clinical and pathogenetic relationships between autoimmune diseases (one of which is RA) and the features of menopause remain poorly understood and require research. Basically, papers devoted to the problem present epidemiological studies and the study of the relationships between sex hormones levels and inflammatory mediators that are specific to RA.A literature review on the features of the onset and course of rheumatoid arthritis in menopausal women is presented. The most accepted in the literature explanations characterizing the relationship between changes during menopause and RA are arguments about the protective effect of estrogens on the cells of the musculoskeletal system and the ability of estrogens to influence the intensity of inflammation (systemic inflammation of low intensity associated with age). In the case of the development of rheumatoid arthritis in old age, higher levels of IL-6 and lower TNFa are revealed. This fact gives rise to the choice of basic therapy in favor of a humanized monoclonal antibody to the human interleukin-6 receptor - tocilizumab.The review may be of interest to both practising rheumatologists, neurologists, and gynecologists and general practitioners.

According to epidemiological studies, about 30% of residents in Russia receive less than 70% of the daily magnesium intake, while magnesium deficiency manifests much more often in women than in men. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency is 1.3 times higher among the female population. Women are more sensitive to magnesium deficiency and normally have higher deposited concentrations of this element. Objective of the study: evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium in the management of menopausal syndrome symptoms. Materials and methods: 30 female patients, aged 47 to 57 years, with various menopausal syndrome symptoms underwent clinical and laboratory examination. In addition to the general clinical examination, all patients underwent atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine serum Mg2+ ions concentrations. All patients received menopausal hormone therapy in combination with magnesium supplement using Magnesium Diasporal 300. Results and discussions: The severe climacteric symptoms relief and an increase in the serum magnesium levels were recorded against the background of the therapy.

A woman’s health during the perimenopausal transition is not irrelevant because of the risk zone in which this category of women falls. Mature patients often have complaints associated with the menopausal syndrome. The increase in life expectancy of women, their active lifestyle that they want to maintain, which is not always possible due to the presence of a number of adverse factors such as the environment, stress factors, the presence of chronic diseases that tend to frequent exacerbations, all this aggravates the overall condition of women and primarily has a negative impact on their psycho-emotional health. The menopausal syndrome, which can debut during the perimenopausal transition, further complicates the woman’s condition. The job of a specialist gynaecologist is to help and manage these patients. It would seem that there is no question: the clinical guidelines and protocols are clearly prescribed algorithms for the management and therapy of such patients, where it is stated in black and white about the prescription of menopausal hormone therapy, which is pathogenetic and justified in the development of the menopausal syndrome and the complaints associated with it. But the prescription of this therapy is associated with a set of risks and side effects. Non-hormonal therapy is a good alternative in the treatment of menopausal disorders, given that hormonal treatment is contraindicated in a number of women. This article presents a cross-section of the literature data on the results of prescribing a dietary supplement MENSE® (Aquion JSC, Russia) in women with psycho-emotional tension during menopause. MENSE® complex contains an impressive range of components (β-alanine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, phytoestrogens – soy isoflavones, B vitamins, folic acid, vitamins E and C) favorably affecting the female body and improves the quality of her life during perimenopause. This complex can be recommended for patients with menopausal syndrome as an effective therapeutic agent for the period of selection of menopausal hormonal therapy or the presence of contraindications to it. MENSE® is an effective complex for improving the quality of life of perimenopausal women against the background of psycho-emotional conditions.