The transcription factor FOSL1 plays an important role in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Primarily, FOSL1 is crucial for the differentiation of several cell lineages, namely adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. In solid tumors, FOSL1 controls the progression of tumor cells through the epithelial–mesenchymal transformation. In this review, we summarize the available data on FOSL1 expression, stabilization, and degradation in the cell. We discuss how FOSL1 is integrated into the intracellular signaling mechanisms and provide a comprehensive analysis of FOSL1 influence on gene expression. We also analyze the pathological changes caused by altered Fosl1 expression in genetically modified mice. In addition, we dedicated a separate section of the review to the role of FOSL1 in human cancer. Primarily, we focus on the FOSL1 expression pattern in solid tumors, FOSL1 importance as a prognostic factor, and FOSL1 perspectives as a molecular target for anticancer therapy.
Тенденции по увеличению продолжительности жизни, которые наблюдаются в последние десятилетия, напрямую затрагивают деятельность акушера-гинеколога ввиду того, что женщинам необходимо не только прожить долгую жизнь, но и снизить количество заболеваний, развитие которых нередко связано с наступлением периода менопаузального перехода и постменопаузы. Задача врачей – помочь пациенткам максимально мягко войти в период постменопаузы, минимизировав проявления климактерического синдрома. В настоящее время наиболее эффективным методом терапии ранних климактерических симптомов является менопаузальная гормональная терапия. В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к проведению менопаузальной гормональной терапии при возникновении менопаузальных расстройств, подходы к подбору менопаузальной гормональной терапии с учетом особенностей каждой конкретной пациентки. Рассматриваются терапевтические эффекты и возможности менопаузальной гормональной терапии, проблемы ее приемлемости, а также ведение пациенток в постменопаузальном периоде с маточными кровотечениями. The trends in life expectancy that have been observed in recent decades directly affect the activities of an obstetrician-gynecologist due to the fact that women need not only to live a long life, but also to reduce the number of diseases, the development of which is often associated with the onset of the menopausal transition and postmenopause. The task of doctors is to help patients to enter the postmenopausal period as gently as possible, minimizing the manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. Currently, the most effective method of treating early climacteric symptoms is menopausal hormone therapy. The article discusses modern approaches to the conduct of menopausal hormone therapy in the event of menopausal disorders, approaches to the selection of menopausal hormone therapy, taking into account the characteristics of each individual patient. The therapeutic effects and possibilities of menopausal hormone therapy, the problems of its acceptability, as well as the management of postmenopausal patients with uterine bleeding are considered.
Iron deficiency anemia is a frequent companion in postmenopausal women and those who have reached adulthood. Anemia in mild form in elderly women often occurs almost asymptomatically. Over time, iron deficiency progresses: severe complications occur, the quality of life decreases significantly, and the prognosis for life becomes unfavorable. A cross-section of the literature data in recent years shows that iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency, gastrointestinal diseases, pathologies in the processes of erythropoiesis and other somatic diseases come to the fore in terms of the etiological factors of anemia in elderly women. An important role in the development of anemia in older women is played by an irrational diet throughout life, which causes a lack of iron and folate in food. That is why therapy with a complex drug, which includes iron (II) fumarate in combination with folic acid is a rational choice in comparison with iron monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of anemia in elderly women. The administration of oral iron preparations for the correction of iron deficiency and for the purpose of selecting an effective pathogenetic therapy for anemia solves the problem of complications and improves the quality of life of older women. Iron (II) fumarate + folic acid - a tablet form of iron preparation in combination with folic acid for oral use, which has good tolerability, quickly replenishes iron reserves in the body of elderly patients, reducing mortality in this age group.
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