Phylogenetic analysis of 166 human parvovirus B19 sequences from 11 different countries attributed 91.57% to genotype 1, 5.42% to genotype 3b, and 3.01% to genotype 3a. Very similar viruses of genotype 1 circulated widely in Europe and Israel. Genotype 3b seems to show an increasing spread outside of Africa.Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections are usually associated with mild disease, but in immunocompromised and anemic patients, as well as during pregnancy, severe complications can occur. Based on the genetic variability of 994 nucleotides (nt) of the NS1/VP1-unique region junction, three distinct genotypes of B19V have been proposed (13). A recent report presented evidence that certain complications might be preferentially associated with certain virus genotypes (6). Several studies demonstrated that previously published or commercially available assays show differences in their diagnostic performance, including the inability to detect certain genotypes, especially genotype 3, subtype 3b (1, 5). Despite these important implications for the diagnosis of B19V, little is known about the genotypes prevalent in many countries.Serum samples collected between 2000 and 2008 mostly from rash/fever patients negative for both measles and rubella from 11 different countries were analyzed for B19V (Table 1). A nested PCR was performed with the forward primers e1855f and e1863f (13) and reverse primers B19-R1 (5Ј-GGGAACT TCCGGCAAACTTCCTTG-3Ј) and B19-R2 (5Ј-GTAGTCTT TTACTACTTGTGCTTG-3Ј), yielding fragments of 1,239 and 1,168 nt. Previously published reverse primers (13) have a maximum of three (e2953r) and four (e2960r) mismatches compared to B19V GenBank sequences, including 3Ј and 5Ј

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The present study of antipertussis immunity stress and level in young and school children who was vaccinated ADTP vaccine showed that on the average 28.3% of them were seronegative. The lowest parts of seronegative children were detected in the age group of infants under 12 months of age (12.3%) and in that of 15 - 17 years old teenagers (12.1%). The maximum percent of seronegative children were detected in the age group of 6 - 8 years - 38.8%. Despite the nonsignificant increase of this indicator, compared to the previous age group, it is advisable to supplement serological monitoring of indicator group 6- 7 years. The researchers did not discover the reliable correlation between the pertussis incidence in different age groups and proportion of seronegative children in those groups. The obtained results suggest that there is an occult circulation of pertussis causing agent. They also showed that it is necessary to revise the indicator age groups for serologic monitoring of antipertussis immunity.

Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses (MVs) is an important component of laboratory surveillance of measles. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis was performed of the nucleoprotein gene sequences of 228 MVs isolated in the Russian Federation between 2003 and 2007. Five genotypes, D4, D5, D6, D8, and H1, were detected. From 1999 through the first 6 months of 2003, the most prevalent genotype in the European part of Russia was D4. All genotype D4-type viruses were closely related to each other (with overall sequence diversity of

The rate of case investigation for measles-like illness (MLI) is an important indicator for the quality of measles surveillance in countries targeting measles elimination. However, a benchmark rate is still being discussed. We assessed different rates of investigation in 11 territories of the Russian Federation with low reported measles incidence during the previous 4-7 years. Each territory maintained their existing surveillance activities and also undertook additional surveillance activities for MLI over a 3-year period. The annual routine rate of investigation varied from 0·06 to 1·8/100,000 population; the overall rate of investigation, including enhanced surveillance, varied from 1·4 to 7·2/100,000. Forty-nine (30·8%) of 159 measles cases detected were identified through enhanced surveillance. Based on the results of this study, the Russian Federation concluded that a rate of routine investigation of 2/100,000 provided the best balance between available resources and sensitivity for detection of measles cases.

Pertussis infection remains a high-priority issue both for Russian health care and abroad. A rise of pertussis incidence in various human age groups instigates a search for new ways to fight this infection and improve methods for its laboratory diagnostics. By taking into consideration a short-term effect induced by acellular and whole-cell vaccines, a feasibility of introducing the second or even the third pertussis revaccination is vigorously debated. Objective of the study was to analyze the experience and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines in countries, which use the second and third pertussis revaccination in the National Immunization Schedule in order to have an insight into adjusting strategy and tactics of pertussis immunization In Russia. Analyzing pertussis prevalence demonstrated that despite a wide immunization coverage pertussis incidence in the last years (2008–2015) was increased in a large number of countries in the European region, as well as inAustralia,CanadaandUSA. However, the reasons for elevated pertussis incidence have not been clarified yet. On one hand, it may be accounted for by low vaccination coverage in adolescents and adults; weakened immune protection after vaccination; genetic changes in Bordetella pertussis; shortened durability of protective immunity in children vaccinated with acellular vs. whole-cell vaccine; improved monitoring and morbidity reporting, as well as improved laboratory diagnostics due to shifting from serological and bacteriological to molecular genetic assays. In an attempt to solve this issue, researchers from several countries collaborate to discuss and develop a strategy to reduce pertussis incidence. ForRussia, the most important is to empower and/or improve existing infant immunization strategy in order to provide wide coverage with the four dose pertussis vaccine for decreasing the risk of pertussis morbidity and mortality. It is worth noting the “cocoon” strategy given the high risk of pertussis infection in children of the first months of life. We believe that forRussiait is worth investigating an opportunity of using children 2–3 months of life an acellular vaccine as the first vaccination, which is expected to increase the coverage of this cohort and allow to increase proportion of children who might complete vaccination by 5 months of age. At the same time, more reasonable might be to preserve a number of age groups for pertussis vaccination in the current National Immunization Schedule, as expanding age limits for vaccination might put a risk at increasing pertussis morbidity in older individuals, which could be hard to diagnose.

The considerable factual data enabled us for the first time to reveal the peculiarities of measles epidemic process manifestations in different stages of the prophylaxis. It was shown that some determinants of measles epidemic process changed during the period of high measles vaccination coverage of children and adult population: measles mortality was eliminated, the seasonal factors do not influence on the dynamics of epidemic process within a year, fluctuations of measles incidences became stochastic over many last years, the measles ceased to be a children infection. Increasing impact on the epidemic process of measles by social factors and less biological factors, which manifests itself in an increase in the proportion of cases among socially deviant groups, individuals decreed professions. Significant role in the epidemic process play internal and external migration.

Objective. With the increase in vaccination coverage of the child population began the process of ousting children determining the incidence of measles in the country and by 2004, the children ceased to play a leading role in maintaining the epidemic process of measles. The definition of significance in the epidemic process of measles individuals of different age, including children in the first year of life, was the purpose of the work. Material and methods. Measles cases in different age groups were analyzed for the period 2003 - 2015 in the Russian Federation. 1799 cases of measles in children under 1 year were investigated. The ELISA method were examined the sera of children up to 1 year in 2002 - 22 sampls, 2016 - 31 sampls. Results. Analysis of the incidence of measles in different age groups conducted since the beginning of the program of measles elimination in Russia to date (2003 - 2015), showed that with the increase in the level of the immune stratum, the incidence of measles inculcated among the population declined markedly and even in the boom years (2012 - 2014) intensive morbidity rates of children aged 3 - 6 years, adolescents and adults averages ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 per 100 thousand of the appropriate age. The exception was children first year of life and children aged 1 - 2 years, of intense the incidence of which was several times higher (in average, respectively, was 22.0 and 19.0). If the vast majority of affected children aged 1 - 2 years had been vaccinated against measles, for various reasons, the children of the first year of life, according to the immunization calendar, the vaccination could not be. Conclusion. Detailed analysis showed that the incidence of measles in the country determined by the adult population. Comparison of incidence and state of specific immunity to measles virus in children the first year of life suggests that their involvement in the epidemic process of measles is not determinative. Changing the proportion of affected children of this age are directly linked with fluctuations in the long-term dynamics of the overall incidence of measles in the country, and high, compared with other age groups, the intensive indicator of disease is not due to a large numerical composition of this age group.