Ruthenium complexes are a new generation of metal antitumor drugs that are currently of great interest in multidisciplinary research. In this review article, we introduce the applications of ruthenium complexes in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors. We focus on the actions of ruthenium complexes on DNA, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of cells, as well as signaling pathways that induce tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, we highlight the use of ruthenium complexes as specific tumor cell probes to dynamically monitor the active biological component of the microenvironment and as excellent photosensitizer, catalyst, and bioimaging agents for phototherapies that significantly enhance the diagnosis and therapeutic effect on tumors. Finally, the combinational use of ruthenium complexes with existing clinical antitumor drugs to synergistically treat tumors is discussed.
Oxidative
stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one
of the major pathological mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI).
Inorganic nanomaterial-mediated antioxidant therapy is considered
a promising method for the prevention of AKI; however, currently available
antioxidants for AKI exhibit limited clinical efficacy due to the
glomerular filtration threshold (∼6 nm). To address this issue,
we developed ultrasmall RuO2 nanoparticles (RuO2NPs) (average size ≈ 2 nm). The NPs show excellent antioxidant
activity and low biological toxicity. In addition, they can pass through
the glomerulus to be excreted. These properties in combination make
the ultrasmall RuO2NPs promising as a nanozyme for the
prevention of AKI. The NP catalytic properties mimic the activity
of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase.
The nanozyme can be efficiently and rapidly absorbed by human embryonic
kidney cells while significantly reducing ROS-induced apoptosis by
eliminating excess ROS. After intravenous injection, the ultrasmall
RuO2NPs significantly inhibit the development of AKI in
mice. In vivo toxicity experiments demonstrate the biosafety of the
NPs after long-term preventing. The multienzyme-like activity and
biocompatibility of the ultrasmall RuO2NPs makes them of
great interest for applications in the fields of biomedicine and biocatalysis.
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have generated considerable excitement due to their promising photovoltaic performance. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still plagued by the structural degradation of the OIHPs. Here, the decomposition mechanism of OIHPs under electron beam irradiation is investigated via transmission electron microscopy, and a general decomposition pathway for both tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 and cubic CH3NH3PbBr3 is uncovered through an intermediate superstructure state of CH3NH3PbX2.5, X = I, Br, with ordered vacancies into final lead halides. Such decomposition can be suppressed via carbon coating by stabilization of the perovskite structure framework. These findings reveal the general degradation pathway of OIHPs and suggest an effective strategy to suppress it, and the atomistic insight learnt may be useful for improving the stability of PSCs.
The study showed that MDR1 and BCRP may be the most important factors for drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, the positive correlation between their mRNA and protein expression indicates the easy prediction of HCC MDR and possible inhibitive target of drug resistance at multi-levels.
USE could give BI-RADS some help in the differentiation of benign and malignant breast small lesions. The addition of elastography to BI-RADS could improve the diagnostic performance in <2 cm lesions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.