В статье исследуются наиболее распространенные в русскоязычном педагогическом дискурсе положительно-оценочные речевые акты -похвала и одобрение. Рассмотрены сходство и разли-чие похвалы и одобрения с прагматической, пропозициональной точек зрения; одобрение имеет в своей пропозициональной структуре такой компонент, как аргумент оценки, отсутствующий в структуре высказывания похвалы. Эти два речевых акта различаются по параметрам интенсивно-сти/неинтенсивности, эмоциональности/неэмоциональности, объективности/субъективности. Выяв-лены гомогенные и гетерогенные в интенциональном отношении высказывания похвалы и одобре-ния, гетерогенные речевые акты похвалы осложняются дополнительными интенциями рекоменда-ции, совета, назидания, критики. В работе определены основные языковые особенности репрезен-тации анализируемых речевых актов. Прямые речевые акты похвалы и одобрения выражаются общеоценочными и частнооценочными предикатами интеллектуального, этического характера. По-хвала и одобрение могут иметь перформативное выражение с помощью глаголов «хвалить», «одоб-рить». Высказывания похвалы, одобрения также имеют краткую и развернутую форму. Они анали-зируются в статье и с точки зрения маркированности невербальными средствами: похвала относится к невербально маркированным речевым актам, одобрение -к вербально маркированным.Ключевые слова: речевой акт, позитивно-оценочный речевой акт, педагогический дискурс, похвала, одобрение, интенция, общая оценка, частная оценка ВВЕДЕНИЕ К наиболее частотным положительно-оценочным речевым актам (далее -РА) в педагогическом дискурсе относятся похвала и одобрение. Речевой акт похвалы является и наиболее изученным из положительно-оценочных РА в отечественной лингвистике, его исследовали как отдельный объект [Дьячкова 1999; Клочко 2003] и в сопоставлении с другими оценочными речевыми актами [Леонтьев 1999; Пете-лина 1985; Волынкина 2009]. В то же время РА одобрения практически не изучал-ся с прагматической точки зрения. Н.А. Бигунова пишет: «Насколько нам известно, до настоящего времени не проводилось комплексного прагмалингвистического описания одобрения как речевого акта» [Бигунова URL: http://slavutajournal.com.ua/ arxiv-nomeriv/slavuta-vipusk-7-2013/yazykovye-osobennosti-rechevyx-aktov-odobreniyai-poxvaly-v-angloyazychnom-xudozhestvennom-diskurse]. Можно назвать только ра-боты Е.В. Ярошевич, в которой рассматривались синтактико-стилистические ха-рактеристики конструкций одобрения в сравнении с конструкциями поощрения [Ярошевич 2002; Ярошевич 2003]. Подобное невнимание исследователей к ком-
This article explores the specifics of the semiosis of family in the Kazakh culture. The approaches of Halliday and Malinovsky were used to analyze the semiotics of wedding toasts, as well as the method of analyzing the “cultural metaphor” in Sharifyan’s linguistics. Language units in the texts of Kazakh wedding toasts demonstrate the specific understanding of marriage and family by the Kazakhs. The language contains “traces” of archaic, sacral, mythological ideas, rituals and traditions of the Kazakhs. In particular, the semiotics of marriage reflect the idea of a young family as a new home. The semiotic parts of the Kazakh yurt (shanyrak, kerege, and bosaga) are also sacred signs of marriage, symbolizing happiness, well-being, wealth, and family safety. This is evidenced by the frequent use of names of the yurt – ak otau and its components in the speech of the wedding party guests. The cosmogonic concepts ak jaryk, nur (‘light’, ‘shine’) are important for understanding the semiotics of family. The difficulties in interpreting wedding toasts arise in the intercultural communication due to Kazakh specific ideas about marriage and family presented in the non-equivalent units of the language.
The article explores the naive and anatomical representations of native speakers of Kazakh in comparison with English and Russian languages. For comparative study, the method of cross-linguistic analysis using descriptors -comparison parameters was chosen. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of descriptors allows us to identify common and different signs in the conceptualization of the liver and lungs. The liver, the most important concept of the naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, is the focus of kinship relations, which are the dominant social and clan organization of nomads. The liver is the main organ in Kazakh naive anatomy. It undergoes a multifaceted, versatile conceptualization in this culture. Lungs are a significant component of the naive anatomy of Kazakhs. They appear to be the carriers of exclusively negative emotions and qualities. The naive anatomy of different peoples (Russians, English) reveals common features based on the unity of the physiological and anatomical structure of a person, and features determined by national history and culture. The cross linguistic analysis of vocabulary and phraseology of the Kazakh, English, Russian languages underlines the unique picture of the world of Kazakhs concerning their perception of a liver and lungs.
Terminology of any science, as a result of verbalized scientific expertise, is formed in conjunction with the ordinary consciousness of native speakers. Metaphor in a particular scientific zoological discourse in the Russian and Kazakh languages has not become the object of researchers' attention yet. The comparison of the results of the cognitive mechanism of analogy in the zoological discourse in languages genetically and structurally not identical to each other is of research interest. Comparative analysis of scientific zoological terminology in the Russian and the Kazakh languages confirms the metaphorical nature of the scientific language, generated by the cognitive mechanism of analogy. Most of terminology metaphors in zoo-discourse are modeled on the universal archetype-anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and dendromorphic. Metaphors generated within universals are identical in the Russian and the Kazakh languages. Greco-Latin designations of zoological concepts to which metaphors date back also rely on identified metaphorical universals. In scientific communication the metaphorical expression functions as a readymade term, transmitting scientific information in accordance with the target settings of communication participants. Comparative analysis of metaphoric terms in the Kazakh and the Russian zoological discourse reveals that some terms are different due to different structural features of languages and the differences in the choice of signs that take place in the mechanism of analogy, which is caused by the peculiarities of understanding of the world, geographical, climatic, economic and living conditions of the Russians and the Kazakhs. The scientific metaphor is formed on the basis of conceptual structures already formed in each of the ethnic cultures. There are no rigid boundaries between scientific thinking and the "profane" consciousness; scientific knowledge uses common human knowledge of the world in the process of presenting knowledge in a particular field of science.
In the news language as a special media genre, changes in the lexical and semantic system of the language are very quickly manifested, reflecting the dynamics of social, political, and economic life. The research of news texts in critical eras is very relevant in terms of identifying trends in new vocabulary functioning. The pandemic is created a “pandemic” discourse in which new words are an important part of the lexical and semantic level of discourse. The study of neologisms in the active phase, at the very peak of functioning, allows us to comprehend the linguistic mechanism of new words formation, the external generation factor of which is extralinguistic reality. We establish that new words in the pandemic discourse appear in several ways: intralingual borrowing from highly specialized terminology (herd immunity, “cytokine storm”), foreign borrowing (coronavirus), as a result of metaphorization (wave, cover, crowned) and word-formation processes (corona, coronacrisis). Coronavirus is personified, it is presented as the evil of global and planet dimension, as a threat to humanity. We also reveal that the general emotional-expressive negativization of discourse determines the choice of native speakers from potentially possible extensions of the word semantics of meanings with negative evaluative connotations (crowned, burst). Semes of suddenness and intensity dominate in synonyms describing the coro-navirus spread. The metaphor of wave contains a predictability component, which predicts the possibility of the next coronavirus wave, its timing, and the degree of danger to people. The enrichment of common words with highly specialized medical terms can be named as a specific tendency of the “pandemic” discourse.
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