The article explores the naive and anatomical representations of native speakers of Kazakh in comparison with English and Russian languages. For comparative study, the method of cross-linguistic analysis using descriptors -comparison parameters was chosen. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of descriptors allows us to identify common and different signs in the conceptualization of the liver and lungs. The liver, the most important concept of the naive anatomy of the Kazakhs, is the focus of kinship relations, which are the dominant social and clan organization of nomads. The liver is the main organ in Kazakh naive anatomy. It undergoes a multifaceted, versatile conceptualization in this culture. Lungs are a significant component of the naive anatomy of Kazakhs. They appear to be the carriers of exclusively negative emotions and qualities. The naive anatomy of different peoples (Russians, English) reveals common features based on the unity of the physiological and anatomical structure of a person, and features determined by national history and culture. The cross linguistic analysis of vocabulary and phraseology of the Kazakh, English, Russian languages underlines the unique picture of the world of Kazakhs concerning their perception of a liver and lungs.
This article explores the specifics of the semiosis of family in the Kazakh culture. The approaches of Halliday and Malinovsky were used to analyze the semiotics of wedding toasts, as well as the method of analyzing the “cultural metaphor” in Sharifyan’s linguistics. Language units in the texts of Kazakh wedding toasts demonstrate the specific understanding of marriage and family by the Kazakhs. The language contains “traces” of archaic, sacral, mythological ideas, rituals and traditions of the Kazakhs. In particular, the semiotics of marriage reflect the idea of a young family as a new home. The semiotic parts of the Kazakh yurt (shanyrak, kerege, and bosaga) are also sacred signs of marriage, symbolizing happiness, well-being, wealth, and family safety. This is evidenced by the frequent use of names of the yurt – ak otau and its components in the speech of the wedding party guests. The cosmogonic concepts ak jaryk, nur (‘light’, ‘shine’) are important for understanding the semiotics of family. The difficulties in interpreting wedding toasts arise in the intercultural communication due to Kazakh specific ideas about marriage and family presented in the non-equivalent units of the language.
Terminology of any science, as a result of verbalized scientific expertise, is formed in conjunction with the ordinary consciousness of native speakers. Metaphor in a particular scientific zoological discourse in the Russian and Kazakh languages has not become the object of researchers' attention yet. The comparison of the results of the cognitive mechanism of analogy in the zoological discourse in languages genetically and structurally not identical to each other is of research interest. Comparative analysis of scientific zoological terminology in the Russian and the Kazakh languages confirms the metaphorical nature of the scientific language, generated by the cognitive mechanism of analogy. Most of terminology metaphors in zoo-discourse are modeled on the universal archetype-anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and dendromorphic. Metaphors generated within universals are identical in the Russian and the Kazakh languages. Greco-Latin designations of zoological concepts to which metaphors date back also rely on identified metaphorical universals. In scientific communication the metaphorical expression functions as a readymade term, transmitting scientific information in accordance with the target settings of communication participants. Comparative analysis of metaphoric terms in the Kazakh and the Russian zoological discourse reveals that some terms are different due to different structural features of languages and the differences in the choice of signs that take place in the mechanism of analogy, which is caused by the peculiarities of understanding of the world, geographical, climatic, economic and living conditions of the Russians and the Kazakhs. The scientific metaphor is formed on the basis of conceptual structures already formed in each of the ethnic cultures. There are no rigid boundaries between scientific thinking and the "profane" consciousness; scientific knowledge uses common human knowledge of the world in the process of presenting knowledge in a particular field of science.
В статье исследуется метафорическая и метонимическая интерпретация понятия жүрек / чүрек — сердце в казахском и тувинском языках. Установлен набор содержательных параметров их концептуализации, по которым проведено сопоставление. Большая часть параметров говорит об универсальном характере когнитивного осмысления анатомического понятия в разных языках и культурах: жүрек / чүрек представляется сосудом для эмоций; местом обитания постоянных человеческих качеств; ему приписываются определенные цвета, не связанные с реальным цветом внутреннего органа; способность перемещаться внутри тела и быть сделанным из разных материалов. В некоторых параметрах проявляется сходство казахского и тувинского языков, обусловленное генетической общностью тюркской культуры. Идиомы сопоставляемых языков демонстрируют своеобразие концептуализации представлений о жүрек / чүрек.
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