A novel non-sporulating, non-motile, catalase-and oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, moderately halophilic, Gram-positive coccus, designated JSM 076033 T , was isolated from a sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) collected from the South China Sea. Strain JSM 076033 T was able to grow in the presence of 0.5-25.0 % (w/v) total salts and at pH 6.0-10.0 and 10-45 6C; optimum growth was observed with 5.0-10.0 % (w/v) total salts and at pH 7.0-8.0 and 25-30 6C. The major amino acid constituents of the cell wall were glycine, lysine and alanine. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The respiratory quinones were MK-7 (60.7 %) and MK-6 (39.3 %) and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 40.3 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 076033 T should be assigned to the genus Jeotgalicoccus.The sequence similarities between the novel isolate and the type strains of recognized Jeotgalicoccus species were in the range 95. et al., 2003). During an investigation of the diversity of the microbial population of invertebrates inhabiting the South China Sea, we isolated a novel moderately halophilic bacterium, designated JSM 076033 T , from a sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) collected from Leizhou Bay, China. On the basis of the results of a polyphasic taxonomic analysis, this strain represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalicoccus.For strain isolation, serial dilutions (1 : 10) of homogenates of the sea urchin were plated on Difco marine agar 2216 (MA; pH 7.5), supplemented with 0-20 % (w/v) NaCl, at 28 u C for 7-28 days. A creamy-white-pigmented colony, designated strain JSM 076033 T , was picked from a plate of MA supplemented with 10 % (w/v) NaCl. It was maintained both on slants of MA supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl (referred to as MA5) at 4 u C and in Difco marineThe GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JSM 076033 T is EU583727.A supplementary table showing the fatty acid compositions of strain JSM 076033 T and members of the genus Jeotgalicoccus is available with the online version of this paper.

The objective of this study is to utilize an expanded granular sludge bed reactor for removing heavy metals and sulfate from synthetic acid-mine drainage (AMD) using sewage sludge fermentation centrate as the substrate. The reactor was bioaugmented with an enriched consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The bioreactor performance was studied with different chemical oxygen demand [Formula: see text] ratios, liquid upflow velocity (V), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent pH. The highest COD, sulfate and heavy metal removal efficiencies were achieved at a [Formula: see text] ratio of 1.5, V of 4.0 m/h, HRT of 15 h and influent pH of 6.0 (68.2%, 92.1% and 100%, respectively). The activity of SRB greatly increases the effluent pH. Even at an influent pH of 3.0, 60.8% of sulfate, 41.3% of COD and 91.2% of heavy metals could be removed, and the effluent quality can meet the national discharge standard of China. The activity tests demonstrate that the sludge fermentation centrate is an excellent carbon source for SRB. This study shows the potential of synchronous treatment of residual sewage sludge and treatment of AMD.

A Gram-positive-staining, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic, catalase-and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JSM 076056 T , was isolated from a sea urchin collected from the South China Sea. Cells were motile by means of peritrichous flagella and formed ellipsoidal endospores lying in subterminal swollen sporangia. Strain JSM 076056 T was able to grow at salinities of 2-25 % (w/v) total salts and at pH 6.0-10.0 and 15-40 6C; optimum growth was observed with 5-10 % (w/v) total salts and at pH 7.0-8.0 and 25-30 6C. It was incapable of growing with NaCl as the sole salt. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , iso-C 14 : 0, anteiso-C 15 : 0 and C 16 : 1 v7c alcohol. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the genomic DNA G+C content was 45.5 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JSM 076056 T belonged to the family Bacillaceae and was related most closely to the type strains of the two recognized species of the genus Pontibacillus, namely Pontibacillus chungwhensis BH030062 T (96.4 % sequence similarity) and Pontibacillus marinus BH030004 T (96.2 %); these three strains formed a robust cluster in the phylogenetic tree. In combination, the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data indicate that strain JSM 076056 T represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacillus, for which the name Pontibacillus halophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 076056 T (5CCTCC AA 207029 T 5DSM 19796 T 5KCTC 13190 T ).The genus Pontibacillus was first proposed by Lim et al. (2005a). Members of this genus are Gram-positive, moderately halophilic, strictly aerobic, motile, endosporeforming rods, having a meso-diaminopimelic acid cell-wall type and containing MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone. At the time of writing, the genus comprises two recognized species, Pontibacillus chungwhensis (Lim et al., 2005a) and Pontibacillus marinus (Lim et al., 2005b).During an investigation of the diversity of the microbial population of invertebrates inhabiting the South China Sea, we isolated a moderately halophilic bacterium, designated JSM 076056 T , from a sea urchin collected from Leizhou Bay, China. On the basis of the results of a polyphasic taxonomic study, this strain represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacillus.For strain isolation, serial dilutions (1 : 10) of a sea urchin homogenate were plated on Difco marine agar 2216 (MA; pH 7.5), supplemented with 0-20 % (w/v) NaCl, at 28 u C for 7-28 days. A yellow-pigmented colony, designated strain JSM 076056 T , was picked from a plate of MA supplemented with 10 % (w/v) NaCl. It was maintained both on slants of MA supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl (containing approximately 7 % NaCl and 8.4 % total salts; here referred to as MA5) at 4 u C and in Difco marine broth 2216 (MB) supplemented with 20 % (v/v) glycerol at 280 u C. Unless indicated otherwise, morphological and physiological studi...

A novel moderately halophilic, alkaliphilic, non-motile, non-sporulating, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, coccus-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain JSM 071043(T), was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Hunan Province, China. Growth occurred with 0.5-20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5-10%) at pH 6.5-10.5 (optimum pH 8.5) and at 10-40 degrees C (optimum 25-30 degrees C). Good growth also occurred in the presence of 0.5-20% (w/v) KCl (optimum 5-8%) or 0.5-25% (w/v) MgCl(2).6H(2)O (optimum 5-10%). The peptidoglycan type was A4alpha (L: -Lys-L: -Ala-L: -Glu) and major cell-wall sugars were tyvelose and mannose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(16:0) and anteiso-C(17:0). Strain JSM 071043(T) contained MK-9 and MK-8 as the predominant menaquinones and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C content was 67.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JSM 071043(T) was a member of the suborder Micrococcineae, and was most closely related to Zhihengliuella halotolerans YIM 70185(T) (sequence similarity 98.9%) and Zhihengliuella alba YIM 90734(T) (98.2%), and the three strains formed a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the proposal that strain JSM 071043(T) represents a novel species of the genus Zhihengliuella, for which the name Z. salsuginis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 071043(T) (= DSM 21149(T) = KCTC 19466(T)).

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A novel Gram-negative, non-sporulating, moderately halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic, catalaseand oxidase-positive, obligately aerobic bacterium, strain YIM-Y25 T , was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Yunnan, south-west China. Cells were spirilla, motile by monopolar flagella, with meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. Growth occurred with 1-15 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5 %), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and at 15-50 6C (optimum 35-40 6C). Ubiquinone Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The major cellular fatty acids were C 18 : 1 v7c, iso-C 16 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 1 . The genomic DNA G+C content was 58.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM-Y25 T was most closely related to the type strain of the sole recognized species of the genus Saccharospirillum, Saccharospirillum impatiens EL-105 T (sequence similarity 97.0 %), and these two strains formed a robust lineage in the phylogenetic tree. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between them was 12.6 %. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic differences, chemotaxonomic properties and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the view that this strain represents a novel species of the genus Saccharospirillum, for which the name Saccharospirillum salsuginis sp. nov. is proposed, with YIM-Y25 T (5CCTCC AA 207033 T 5KCTC 22169 T ) as the type strain.The genus Saccharospirillum was proposed by Labrenz et al. (2003) with Saccharospirillum impatiens as the sole recognized species. The genus was defined as Gramnegative, motile by monopolar flagella, non-sporulating, catalase-and oxidase-positive, aerobic-microaerophilic spirilla, with ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylamine as the major polar lipids. In a recent study of the microbial diversity in the ancient salt deposit of the Yipinglang salt mine (25 u 189 N 101 u 549 E) in Yunnan, south-west China (Chen et al., 2007a, b), a moderately halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic strain, YIM-Y25 T , was isolated from a subterranean brine sample. The results of our polyphasic taxonomic study indicated that this strain represents a novel species of the genus Saccharospirillum.Strain YIM-Y25 T was isolated from a subterranean brine sample by plating 1 : 10 serial dilutions of the sample on Difco marine agar 2216 (MA) supplemented with 3 % (w/v) NaCl [containing approximately 5 % (w/v) NaCl in total; MA5] at 37 u C for 2 weeks. After primary isolation and purification, the isolate was kept as serial transfer cultures on MA5 slants, lyophilized cultures at 4 u C or deep-frozen cultures at 280 u C in Difco marine broth 2216 (MB) supplemented with 20 % (v/v) glycerol. The reference strain S. impatiens DSM 12546 T was obtained from the DSMZ....

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A moderately halophilic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive, catalase-and oxidase-positive, motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JSM 078133 T , was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Hunan Province, China. Strain JSM 078133T was able to grow with 1-23 % (w/v) total salts (optimum, 5-10 %) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and 10-45 6C (optimum, 30 6C). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 17 : 0 and iso-C 15 : 0 . et al., 2008). In a recent study of the microbial diversity in the ancient salt deposit of the Xiangli Salt Mine in Hunan Province, China, a moderately halophilic bacterium, designated JSM 078133 T , was isolated from a subterranean brine sample. Data from the present polyphasic taxonomic study indicate that this strain represents a novel species of the genus Halobacillus. Strain JSM 078133T was isolated from a subterranean brine sample by plating 1 : 10 serial dilutions of the sample on Difco marine agar 2216 (MA) supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl (hereafter MA5) at 30 u C for 2 weeks. After primary isolation and purification, the isolate was kept either as serial transfers on MA5 slants, or as lyophilized cultures at 4 u C or deep-frozen at 280 u C in Difco marine broth 2216 (MB) supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl and 20 % (v/v) glycerol. Unless indicated otherwise, morphological and physiological studies were performed with cells grown on MA5 at pH 7.5 and 30 u C. Two reference strains, H. campisalis KCTC 13144T and H. alkaliphilus DSM 3These authors contributed equally to this work.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JSM 078133 T is FJ456889.