A sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for the detection of imidaclothiz was established by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as concentration elements and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as signal labels. The NaYF/Yb,Er UCNPs and MNPs were conjugated with imidaclothiz monoclonal antibody and imidaclothiz antigen, respectively. Imidaclothiz could compete with the antigen-conjugated MNPs for binding to the antibody-conjugated UCNPs and resulted in a decreased fluorescence signal when the MNPs were separated by an external magnet. Under the optimal conditions, the concentration of imidaclothiz producing 50% inhibition of the signal (IC), limit of detection (LOD, IC), and the linear assay range (IC-IC) were 14.59, 0.74, and 0.74-289.30 ng mL, respectively. The immunoassay exhibited no obvious cross-reactivity with analogues of imidaclothiz except for imidacloprid, with 89.2% cross-reactivity. The average recoveries measured in paddy water, pear, soil, peach, rice, tomato, wheat, and pakchoi were 75.7-105.2%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 11.2%. In addition, the results of the immunoassay correlated well with that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for authentic samples. Graphical abstract Development of an upconversion fluorescence immunoassay for the detection of imidaclothiz by using antibody-modified upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the detection probe and antigen-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as the capture probe.
A fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the determination of imidacloprid (IMI) was developed with advantages of simple operation and short assay time. The haptens of IMI, acetamiprid (ACE), and thiamethoxam (THI) were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate ethylenediamine (EDF) and 4′-Aminomethyl fluorescein (AMF), respectively, to prepare six fluorescence tracers. The conjugation of IMI hapten and EDF (IMI-EDF) was selected to develop the FPIA due to the largest fluorescent polarization value increase in the presence of anti-IMI monoclonal antibody. Under the optimum condition, the limit of detection, 50% inhibition concentration and detection range of the FPIA were 1.7, 4.8, and 1.7–16.3 μg/L, respectively. The cross-reactivities (CRs) with the analogs of IMI were negligible except for imidaclothiz with CR of 79.13%. The average recovery of spiked paddy water, corn and cucumber samples were 82.4–118.5% with the RSDs of 7.0–15.9%, which indicated the FPIA had good accuracy. Thus, the developed FPIA was a potential tool for the rapid and accurate determination of IMI in agricultural and environmental samples.
A soil chemical barrier is the most important and common way to control termites; fast and on-site detection methods are significant tools to verify pesticide content meeting the standard requirements. In this study, conventional and enhanced immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) containing two test lines (TLs) were developed to semi-quantitatively detect imidacloprid in soil chemical barrier, and detection results were quantified by a smart phone. According to the results, the disappearance concentrations of first TL (TL-1) and second TL (TL-2) in an enhanced ICA and conventional ICA were 5 and 20 ng/mL and 20 and 80 ng/mL with the naked eye. The sensitivity of TL-2 was four times that of TL-1 in both ICAs, consistent with the maximum and minimum concentration differences for imidacloprid in Jiangsu province's "the technical regulation of assay and evaluation on chemical soil barrier of termite prevention treatment in buildings". The results of TLs can be used to judge whether the amount of imidacloprid in soil chemical barrier meets the standard. Enhanced and conventional ICAs were available for further quantitative testing with a smart phone, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.74 and 3.17 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, some soil chemical barrier samples from several areas in Wuxi, Jiangsu province, were used to test by ICAs and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the results of ICAs correlated well with HPLC.
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