A wild aquatic plant, Eichhornia Crassipes, and polyethylene have been converted into liquid product thermo-catalytically and cost effectively through co-pyrolysis using batch steel pyrolyzer. The Fe and CaCO 3 catalysts were obtained as wastes from various mechanical processes. The catalytic process was compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis. The effect of various reaction conditions was investigated in order to find out the optimized process conditions. It was found that the favorable reaction conditions were 450°C temperature and 1-h reaction time at a heating rate of 1°C/s and 0.4-mm biomass particle size. The bio-oil yield was found to be 34.4% and 26.6% using Fe and CaCO 3 respectively with catalysts particle size of 0.4 mm at the optimized reaction conditions and 5 wt% of biomass. The non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis using Fe as catalyst produced 23.9% and 28.7% oil respectively. Thus the efficiency of processes in terms of bio-oil production was found in order of: Fe > CaCO 3 > non-catalytic pyrolysis. The GC/MS analysis of n-hexane extract of bio-oil shows that Fe catalyst favors formation of aliphatic hydrocarbons while CaCO 3 and non-catalytic pyrolysis favors formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Mostly unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were formed in case of co-pyrolysis reactions. The calorific value of bio-oil was also measured in order to find out the fuel properties of the products.
Mixed metal oxide
nanocomposites (NCs) comprising Cu–Sr (CS), Sr–Cd (SC),
and Cd–Cu (CC) were fabricated via a sol–gel method.
Structural investigations of fabricated samples were carried out via
X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS). The Maxwell–Wagner model, attributing to poor conducting
layers around the conducting grains, was indicated to be followed
by all of the NCs while investigating the dielectric properties. The
Space-charge polarization and hoping mechanism contributed to low
AC conductivity at lower frequencies and high AC conductivity at higher
frequencies. The as-synthesized NCs effectively degraded two toxic
water contaminants, such as crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR).
Furthermore, the NCs were also evaluated for humidity sensing measurements.
All of the NCs indicated efficient response/recovery time with better
stability. The extensive investigation suggested the synthesized NCs,
well suited for various optical and microelectronic applications.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.