A wild aquatic plant, Eichhornia Crassipes, and polyethylene have been converted into liquid product thermo-catalytically and cost effectively through co-pyrolysis using batch steel pyrolyzer. The Fe and CaCO 3 catalysts were obtained as wastes from various mechanical processes. The catalytic process was compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis. The effect of various reaction conditions was investigated in order to find out the optimized process conditions. It was found that the favorable reaction conditions were 450°C temperature and 1-h reaction time at a heating rate of 1°C/s and 0.4-mm biomass particle size. The bio-oil yield was found to be 34.4% and 26.6% using Fe and CaCO 3 respectively with catalysts particle size of 0.4 mm at the optimized reaction conditions and 5 wt% of biomass. The non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis using Fe as catalyst produced 23.9% and 28.7% oil respectively. Thus the efficiency of processes in terms of bio-oil production was found in order of: Fe > CaCO 3 > non-catalytic pyrolysis. The GC/MS analysis of n-hexane extract of bio-oil shows that Fe catalyst favors formation of aliphatic hydrocarbons while CaCO 3 and non-catalytic pyrolysis favors formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Mostly unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were formed in case of co-pyrolysis reactions. The calorific value of bio-oil was also measured in order to find out the fuel properties of the products.

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The co-pyrolysis of waste rubber and waste lubricating oil was carried out in a batch steel pyrolyzer where waste copper was employed as a catalyst and the reaction conditions were optimized for achieving maximum oil yield. The waste rubber and lubricant were co-pyrolyzed in different ratios and their optimum ratio was found to be 4:1, respectively in terms of maximum pyrolysis oil conversion. About 44% oil yield and 75.5% total conversion of the reactants were achieved under the reaction conditions of 500 C temperature, 30 minute reaction time, 5.0 wt% of catalyst and heating rate of 0.5 o Cs À1 . The noncatalytic pyrolysis yielded about 37.7% oil with 65.0% total conversion under similar reaction conditions. The catalytically produced oil was found to have a higher calorific value as compared to the non-catalytic oil. The catalytic pyrolysis oil was fractionated in gasoline, kerosene and diesel ranges and their fuel properties were investigated according to the ASTM methods. The results showed that the fuel properties of the oil fractions were comparable with that of corresponding standard fuels. The product oil samples were analyzed by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate their chemical composition.It was found that the fraction distilled in the gasoline range had a hydrocarbon distribution in the range of C 6 to C 13 , hydrocarbons identified in the fraction distilled in kerosene range were distributed from C 6 to C 16 and the fraction distilled in diesel range was composed of hydrocarbons distributed in the range of C 11 to C 26 .

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