Background: Nanotechnology explores a variety of promising approaches in the area of material sciences on a molecular level, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of leading interest in the present scenario. This review is a comprehensive contribution in the field of green synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of AgNPs using different biological sources. Methods: Biosynthesis of AgNPs can be accomplished by physical, chemical, and green synthesis; however, synthesis via biological precursors has shown remarkable outcomes. In available reported data, these entities are used as reducing agents where the synthesized NPs are characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Modulation of metals to a nanoscale drastically changes their chemical, physical, and optical properties, and is exploited further via antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. Results showed excellent growth inhibition of the microorganism. Conclusion: Novel outcomes of green synthesis in the field of nanotechnology are appreciable where the synthesis and design of NPs have proven potential outcomes in diverse fields. The study of green synthesis can be extended to conduct the in silco and in vitro research to confirm these findings.
Mixed metal oxide nanocomposites (NCs) comprising Cu–Sr (CS), Sr–Cd (SC), and Cd–Cu (CC) were fabricated via a sol–gel method. Structural investigations of fabricated samples were carried out via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Maxwell–Wagner model, attributing to poor conducting layers around the conducting grains, was indicated to be followed by all of the NCs while investigating the dielectric properties. The Space-charge polarization and hoping mechanism contributed to low AC conductivity at lower frequencies and high AC conductivity at higher frequencies. The as-synthesized NCs effectively degraded two toxic water contaminants, such as crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR). Furthermore, the NCs were also evaluated for humidity sensing measurements. All of the NCs indicated efficient response/recovery time with better stability. The extensive investigation suggested the synthesized NCs, well suited for various optical and microelectronic applications.
Root micromorphology can play a vital role in the systematics of angiosperms to understand the complexity among different genera and species. Present study is about microscopic and physiochemical evaluation of Rhus succedanea root belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. Various organoleptic characteristics of root were studied. Microscopy showed that transverse section of the root appeared rounded and presented a typical histological differentiation having different average cells length and width. Under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the powder revealed the existence of pitted xylem vessels, phloem sieve elements, phloem fibers and cork cells, and so forth. Fluorescence study of the powder showed various shades of color that gives a valuable information regarding characterization, authentication, and identification of the plant material. These documented information can be acted as record and monograph of a specific plant materials. Nutritional composition of root showed that Ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and total gross energy were higher in summer as compared to winter season. On the other hand, moisture and fibers were higher in winter and declined in summer. Root powder gave highest extractive value (37.3%) in methanol and showed the presence of various groups of secondary metabolites qualitatively while, quantitatively flavonoids (0.18 mg/g) was detected in highest amount. The above parameters, being reported for the first time and are significant toward establishing the microscopic and pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine herbal drug. Root micromorphology can be used as an additional tool to aid description and to distinguish many complex taxa and that is of significant value for the taxonomic assessment of this genera and species.
The antipyretic potential of viscosine, a natural product isolated from the medicinal plant Dodonaea viscosa , was investigated using yeast-induced pyrexia rat model, and its structure–activity relationship was investigated through molecular docking analyses with the target enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). The in vivo antipyretic experiments showed a progressive dose-dependent reduction in body temperatures of the hyperthermic test animals when injected with viscosine. Comparison of docking analyses with target enzymes showed strongest bonding interactions (binding energy −17.34 kcal/mol) of viscosine with the active-site pocket of mPGES-1. These findings suggest that viscosine shows antipyretic properties by reducing the concentration of prostaglandin E 2 in brain through its mPGES-1 inhibitory action and make it a potential lead compound for developing effective and safer antipyretic drugs for treating fever and related pathological conditions.
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