Difficulty in determining the morphology of C3 and C4 leads to poor reproducibility of the CVMS method. Despite this, it has acceptable reproducibility in determining the timing of functional treatment for Class II patients.
Aims and Objectives: Mouthwashes with antibacterial activity inhibit the growth of bacteria in the mouth and teeth. Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely used mouthwashes that inhibits dental plaque and prevents tooth surface decay. Recently, concerns have been raised that alcohol-containing mouthwashes may have carcinogenic properties and may be harmful to children and pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes with and without alcohol on common oral bacteria. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, bacterial species were purchased from a research center and were cultured separately in proprietary environments in test tubes. Thereafter, mouthwashes with alcohol, without alcohol, and with salt water (saline) were added to test tubes containing the bacteria grown. The samples were then analyzed using a spectrophotometer to determine viability, growth rate, and bacteria waste. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey statistical tests. Results: The obtained results showed that the saline group had the highest antibacterial activity and that the average antibacterial activity of the alcohol and alcohol-free groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Post hoc test results showed that the antibacterial activity of the saline group was significantly different statistically from that of the other two groups. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that both alcohol-free chlorhexidine and alcohol-containing chlorhexidine are effective in removing oral microbes. Moreover, by using alcohol-free chlorhexidine, the harmful effects of alcohol can be prevented.
Cleaning of pits and fissures of occlusal surface of the posterior teeth are difficult because of their anatomy. Despite oral hygiene measures and the delivery of local fluoride, the occlusal surfaces of teeth cannot be adequately cleaned by most children and their parents, and this increase the risk of dental caries. 1 The anatomical fissures of teeth are the most susceptible areas to dental caries initiation, which directly depends on the fissures' shape and depth.Dental caries rarely occurs on smooth surfaces because these surfaces can be easily cleaned. 2 In a study, half of the 18-year-old adolescents have experienced dental caries on the occlusal surfaces of their teeth, though the occlusal surfaces comprise less than 15% of all the surfaces of a tooth. 3 The narrow fissures on the occlusal surfaces, where foodstuff and microorganisms are trapped, lead to the progression of occlusal caries. 4 In contrast to the smooth surfaces,
BACKGROUND Space maintenance after premature loss of primary teeth is of importance in preventing space loss and potential crowding in future. Fixed space maintainers are used to prevent space loss but the presence of such fixed appliances near the tooth and its supporting structures may have some adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential adverse effects of fixed space maintainers on the teeth and periodontium. METHODS Twenty young children in mixed dentition period (between 8 – 11y 7m years old) who were considered for space maintainer treatment were selected. Each patient had bilateral first molars that went under the band for fixed space maintainer. The patients were examined for decayed, missed and filled teeth (DMFT), bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, gingival index and periodontal pocket depth at the beginning (T0), one month (T1), three months (T2) and six months (T3) later. Repeated measures ANOVA then Post - hoc LSD (Friedman test for gingival index) tests were used to interpret the data. RESULTS As compared to the beginning of the study, at the end of the 6 months follow-up period DMFT of the involved first molars did not change significantly (P = 0.163). But bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, gingival index and periodontal pocket depths changed significantly at the same time frame (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The fixed space maintainers might have some adverse effects on the periodontal structures of the banded teeth, so the clinicians should insist more on oral hygiene instructions and the patients must be under intense oral hygiene control. KEY WORDS Space Maintainers, DMFT, Bleeding on Probing, Clinical Attachment Level, Periodontal Pocket Depth
Background: Denture stomatitis (DS) due to Candida albicans is a chronic inflammation of mucous membranes that occurs beneath acrylic resin dentures. Various antifungal and disinfecting agents with different formulations are used to treat this condition with different side effects. Recently, the use of herbal medicines has attracted attention in the treatment of medical and dental conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of effervescent tablets containing ginger on complete dentures in patients with oral fungal infections in vitro. Methods: In the present in vitro study, 81 acrylic resin dentures were divided into 3 groups and contaminated with Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei fungal species, and each group was assigned to 3 groups, then immersed in solutions containing effervescent ginger tables, nystatin (as a positive control group), and distilled water (as a negative control group). The dentures underwent fungal culture procedures at 30-, 60-, and 180-minute intervals. Finally, the study groups were investigated for the presence or absence of fungal colonies. Results: According to the results, the mean fungal colonies in the nystatin group were generally less than that in the ginger tablet group. The antifungal effect of nystatin began earlier than the ginger tablet, (i.e., in the presence of nystatin), and Candida counts diminished to zero after 60 minutes; however, this happened after 180 minutes in the effervescent ginger tablet solution. Conclusions: Although the antifungal effect of nystatin was higher and faster than that of ginger-containing effervescent tablets, if necessary, it is possible to use ginger tablets for a longer time to eliminate fungal contaminants from dentures. Ginger-containing effervescent antifungal tablets require 180 minutes to exert their antifungal effect.
Background: The oral route is one of the main portals for Helicobacter pylori transmission. The elimination of this bacterial species from the oral cavity might be useful in oral health and decreasing infections due to H. pylori. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a liquorice-extract-containing mouthwash at different concentrations on the proliferation of H. pylori in vitro. Methods: H. pylori bacterial species was cultured, and the isolated strains from the specific culture medium were prepared for the welling procedures. The liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) mouthwash at 12.5% and 25% concentrations was added to the case group wells at 1,1/2,1/4,1/8, and 1/16 dilutions. In the control group, regular daily mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium fluoride components was used. The growth inhibition zones were analyzed in the study groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS and reported using descriptive statistics (means±standard deviation). Results: In both the mouthwashes containing 25% and 12.5% concentration, the means of growth inhibition zones at 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 dilutions were larger than those in the control group. Further, the largest growth inhibition zone was seen with the undiluted 25% mouthwash. There were no significant differences in the H. pylori growth inhibition zones between 25% and 12.5% mouthwashes (P=0.14). Conclusions: Mouthwashes containing liquorice extracts inhibited the growth of H. pylori more significantly than mouthwash with no liquorice extract. Therefore, it is suggested that liquorice extract-containing mouthwashes be used to prevent H. pylori infections in the oral cavity in clinical studies.
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