Background Rutin as a natural flavonoid compound has revealed an extensive range of therapeutic potentials. Purpose The current paper is focused on the numerous studies on rutin nanoformulations regarding its broad spectrum of therapeutic potentials. Study and methods A review was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed) to identify relevant published literature in English. No restrictions on publication date were imposed. Results The literature search provided 7,078 results for rutin. Among them, 25 papers were related to the potential biological activities of rutin nanoformulations. Polymeric nanoparticles were the most studied nanoformulations for rutin (14 titles) and lipid nanoparticles (5 titles) were in second place. The reviewed literature showed that rutin has been used as an antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti‐allergic agent. Improving the bioavailability of rutin using novel drug‐delivery methods will help the investigators to use its useful effects in the treatment of various chronic human diseases. Conclusion It can be concluded that the preparation of rutin nanomaterials for the various therapeutic objects confirmed the enhanced aqueous solubility as well as enhanced efficacy compared to conventional delivery of rutin. However, more investigations should be conducted to confirm the improved bioavailability of the rutin nanoformulations.

Background: Denture stomatitis (DS) due to Candida albicans is a chronic inflammation of mucous membranes that occurs beneath acrylic resin dentures. Various antifungal and disinfecting agents with different formulations are used to treat this condition with different side effects. Recently, the use of herbal medicines has attracted attention in the treatment of medical and dental conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of effervescent tablets containing ginger on complete dentures in patients with oral fungal infections in vitro. Methods: In the present in vitro study, 81 acrylic resin dentures were divided into 3 groups and contaminated with Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei fungal species, and each group was assigned to 3 groups, then immersed in solutions containing effervescent ginger tables, nystatin (as a positive control group), and distilled water (as a negative control group). The dentures underwent fungal culture procedures at 30-, 60-, and 180-minute intervals. Finally, the study groups were investigated for the presence or absence of fungal colonies. Results: According to the results, the mean fungal colonies in the nystatin group were generally less than that in the ginger tablet group. The antifungal effect of nystatin began earlier than the ginger tablet, (i.e., in the presence of nystatin), and Candida counts diminished to zero after 60 minutes; however, this happened after 180 minutes in the effervescent ginger tablet solution. Conclusions: Although the antifungal effect of nystatin was higher and faster than that of ginger-containing effervescent tablets, if necessary, it is possible to use ginger tablets for a longer time to eliminate fungal contaminants from dentures. Ginger-containing effervescent antifungal tablets require 180 minutes to exert their antifungal effect.

Background: Incorporating antifungal drugs into liners has been proposed to treat denture stomatitis. Varnish application on tissue conditioners can decrease the porosities and irregularities, biofilm, and pathogens adhesion. In this study, we evaluated the effect of varnish application on releasing the antifungal drugs incorporated into tissue conditioners. Methods: Pure form of nystatin and fluconazole were mixed into tissue conditioner powder separately at 5% wt/wt concentration and prepared according to manufacturer’s instruction. Then, disk-shaped specimens (5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness) were prepared at 30 nystatin and 30 fluconazole specimens. Varnish (containing 50 mL of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 3 ml of self-cured resin) was applied on the surface of 15 disks of each drug and the other specimens were used as the control group (without varnish). Next, the disks were put in agar plates cultured with standard Candida albicans and incubated for 7 days. Mean inhibition diameter for each disk was measured with digital caliper at 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days. Each step was performed in triplicate. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Friedman, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean inhibition diameter (MID) at days 1, 3, and 7 in fluconazole without varnish group was 12.63, 3.90, and 3.67, respectively; in fluconazole with varnish was 3.00, 2.50, and 2.50, respectively; in nystatin without varnish was 5.78, 3.90, and 3.87, respectively; in nystatin with varnish group was 2.50, 0.00, and 0.00, respectively. fluconazole without varnish group exhibited significantly higher MID and nystatin with varnish group had lower MID. Conclusions: In this experimental study, fluconazole was more effective than nystatin. In groups without varnish, antifungal effect continued up to day 7. Using varnish in tissue conditioner can decrease antifungal effect.