Background: The COVID-19 first appeared in Wuhan city of China. It was treated as a case of pneumonia having no etiology, first appeared in December 2019. Its spread was at a rapid pace worldwide. It was named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization on 11 th February 2020, as of 5 th June 2020, there are 87,113 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 196 students of SMBBMU through an online questionnaire. It was self-generated and evaluated by epidemiologists. The questionnaire was developed through the WHO advisory from the Coronavirus disease advice for public: Myth busters. It contains socio-demographic information and Twenty-four (24) questions related to myths and knowledge for COVID-19 and the response of questions was taken on true/false basis. Results: A total of 196 students participated out of which 100 were females and 96 were males, the mean age of the participants was 22.4005 ± 4.97, and 168(85.7%)participants were unmarried. The highest ratio involved in this study was of the first year, which was about 82 (41.8%). The most common source of information was social media (n=118; 60.2%). Overall,77.21% of the students were aware of the myths and realities regarding COVID-19.Data were analyzed through SPSS 24.Conclusion:The students had sound knowledge regarding the myths and realities of COVID-19.It is the responsibility of public health care providers to spread this knowledge into every part of the country through social media and other sources at their disposal.
Objectives: To determine the association of obesity and hypertension among the faculty members of ShaheedMohtarma Benazir Bhutto University Larkana. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 340 subjects from SMBB Medical University. A self-administered questionnaire, mercury sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, weighing and height scales were the research instruments, data was entered and analyzed using the statistical program for social sciences SPSS version 19. Results: A 340 subjects were included in the study. There were 123 (36.2%) female and 217 (63.8%) male participants, Prevalence of hypertension in the sample was 31.5% (27.6% in females and 33.6% in males) Hypertension was more comparatively more prevalent in overweight group (39.3%) and obese group (32.5%). Conclusion: Obesity is an important public health challenge in the study setting and its highly associated with HTN. Prevalence of Obesity and hypertension among university teachers was observed significantly higher compared to the general population. Measures to prevent the obesity and hypertension are strongly recommended.
Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) risk due to increased use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) among cirrhotic patients with ascites. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted at Chandka Medical College & Hospital, Larkana from March 2013 to February 2014, involving 215 cirrhotic patients with ascites. Paracentesis was performed to distinguish cirrhotic patients with SBP and Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil (PMN) count ≥ 250 neutrophils/mm3 (cases) and non-SBP with PMN count < 250 neutrophils/mm3 (controls). The demographic details, history of PPIs use before admission and duration of Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) were inquired and statistical analysis was carried through SPSS Version 23.0. Results: Increased pre-hospital PPI intake was observed among cirrhotic patients with SBP (69.8%) as compared to those without SBP (48.8%; p = 0.014). The mean duration of PPI use was 19.16 ± 4.772 days, and it was more significant among older cirrhotic patients (p < 0.05). Increased duration of CLD was observed among PPI users, i.e. 20.47 ± 6.305 months vs. 18.95 ± 5.527 months among non-PPI users (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results show that cirrhotic patients with ascites consuming PPIs are more likely to develop SBP as compared to non-PPI users. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3476 How to cite this:Shaikh BA, Shaikh ZA, Shah AH, Kumar A. Determining the Risk of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis due to increase use of Proton Pump Inhibitors among cirrhotic patients with ascites. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3476 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Aim: To determine the frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Study Design: Retrospective/observational Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medicine, Chandka Medical College Hospital, Larkana from 1st July 2020 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty patients of both genders presented with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this study. Patient’s detailed demographics including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption and family history of liver disease were recorded after taking written informed consent. Laboratory examination was done to examine the proportion of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Results: There were 68 (56.67%) males and 52 (43.33%) were females with mean age 45.74±10.54 years. Among all the patients hepatitis C virus was found in 62 (51.67%) patients, 15 (12.5%) had hepatitis B virus, 17 (14.17%) had hepatitis B virus + hepatitis C virus and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was found in 26 (21.67%) patients. Conclusion: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was the major cause of liver cirrhosis in Pakistani population. The proportion of NASH in liver cirrhosis patients was 21.67%. Keywords: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a world public health problem that is related with high morbidity and mortality. CKD patients can present with different skin manifestations, often benign with much impact on quality of patients life. Study Design: Case-series study. Setting: Nephrology Unit Civil Hospital Larkana. Period: From 1st January 2018 to 30th June 2018. Material and methods: 141 patients of ESRD on regular HD for at least 1 month. Patients were chosen randomly for evaluation of cutaneous changes regardless of their gender, age, sex and etiology of ESRD. General and dermatological examination of the skin, hair, nails, and oral mucosa was performed by consultant dermatologist. Data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Descriptive analyses performed using mean with standard deviation and median with inter quartile ranges of quantitative data set. Count and percentages were reported for categorical data set. Results: In the present study there were one hundred and forty one patients. Out of them skin manifestations of patients, 87.9% had Xerosis, 31.9% found with skin hyper pigmentation, 9.2% had Subungal Hyperkeratosis, 24.1% had Uremic Pruirtis, 45.4% had Pallor, and 6.4% found with Bruises. There were 9.9% cases of Alopecia, 17.7% cases of half n half nail, 1.4% cases of half n half nail with alopecia, 9.2% cases of Koilionychia, 0.7% cases of Koilionychia with alopecia, 2.8% found with koilonychias and half n half nail, 2.1% with leuconycia and koilionychia, 15.5% with Leuconychia, 2.1% found with Leuconychia and alopecia, and 0.7% found with Leuconychia, koilonychia & alopecia in Hair and Nail changes. Conclusion: The range of skin manifestations vary in different studies. Although often benign with much impact on quality of patient’s life and life can be threatening. Early treatment of skin disorders can improve the quality of life.
Aim: To determine knowledge of hypoglycaemic symptoms & their self-management among pts with type II diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Place and duration of study: OPD Clinic of Department of Medicine, Chandka Medical College Hospital Larkana from 23rd May 2019 to 22nd November 2019. Methodology: One hundred and thirty five patients with type II diabetes mellitus of age 35- 60 years were selected. Patients with type I DM and neuro-psychiatric illness were excluded. The symptoms of hypoglycemia and their responses to those symptoms were recorded. Results: The mean age of 47.07±6.04years and majority of the patients 83 (61.48%) were between 46-60 years of age. Seventy two (53.33%) were male and 63 (46.67%) were females. Mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 6.90±3.86 years. Adequate knowledge of hypoglycemic symptoms and their self-management among patients with type II diabetes mellitus was found in 62 (56.9%) patients. Conclusion: Hypoglycemic patients are significantly unaware of their condition and have a very low knowledge about hypoglycemia and its self-management. Keywords: Type II diabetes, Hypoglycemic symptoms, Knowledge
The purpose of this study is to investigate the exchange reaction taking place among the bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5 ′ -dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid (ESSE), reduced glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, D-penicillamine (thiolates), and silver metal (AgI). For this purpose, stock solutions of BSA and Ellman’s reagent were prepared by dissolving 264 mg of BSA in 5 ml of reaction buffer (0.1 M KH2PO4 at pH 7.8) and 23.8 mg of ESSE in 1.0 ml of reaction buffer which were mixed together. Mixture of BSA-AgI was prepared in a separate procedure by dissolving 0.17 mg of silver nitrate in 1 ml of reaction buffer and then dissolving BSA (200 mg) in the same solution of silver nitrate. Blocking of Cys-34 of BSA with AgI was confirmed by treating different dilutions of BSA-AgI (500 μM) solutions with the solutions of ESSE (85 μM) and ES- (85 μM) and recording the spectra (300-450) with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The chromatographed AgI-modified BSA ((BSA-S)AgI)) samples (typically 500 μM) were subsequently mixed with thiolates (reduced glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and D-penicillamine). AgI and modified BSA (typically 500 μM each) were treated with these low molecular weight thiolates and allowed to react overnight followed by chromatographic separation (Sephadex G25). The redox reactions of AgI-modified BSA with various low molecular weight thiols revealed a mechanically important phenomenon. In the case of reduced glutathione and N-acetylcysteine, we observed the rapid release of a commensurate amount of Ellman’s anion, indicating that an exchange has taken place and low molecular weight thiols (RSH) substituted AgI species at the Cys-34 of BSA eventually forming disulfide (BSA-SSR) at Cys-34. It can be anticipated from the phase of study involving bovine serum albumin that low molecular weight thiolates (reduced glutathione and N-acetylcysteine) take off AgI which are attached to proteins elsewhere in the physiological system, making these toxic metals free for toxic action.
Background: Chronic liver disease is associated with various skin manifestion. This study was done to assess the spectrum of dermatological changes in chronic liver disease. Objective: To evaluate any correlation between the dermatological findings and the type of the liver diseases. Material and Method: A total 100 patients of chronic liver disease due to any etiology were included after taking informed consent. This study was conducted at department of medicine and department of dermatology Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana from january 2019 to june 2019. Results: In our study total number of patients was 100, among them males were 70(70%) and females were 30 (30%),mean age of patients was 43 ± 17,duration of disease ranged from 1 to 11 years.Fifty patients (50%) were suffering from chronic HCV infection,47 patients were suffering from chronic HBV infection,03 patients were suffering from HCV and HBV infection. Differrent manifestations were terry ‘s nails(83%) xerosis (68%), hyperpigmentation (52%), pruritis (35%), palmer erythema (32%),Non scarring hair loss from axilla and groin (28%), Cutaneous infections (07%),lichen planus (04%), gynaecomastia (04%),spider naevi (03%), acralnecrolytic erythema (01%) Conclusion: Patients with chronic liver disease can have a wide varietyof cutaneous manifestations which can give a clue to the presence of the underlying liver disease and its severity .Therefore, identifying these signs earlier can lead to quick diagnosis and effective management of the underlying condition, hence preventing its complications. Keywords: Dermatological Manifestations, Chronic liver disease
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