Diabetes has become the third most serious threat to human health, after cancer and cardiovascular disease. Notably, Lactobacillus brevis is the most common species of LAB that produces γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of time, strain types, antibiotic concentrations, different levels of pH, and intestinal juices in aerobic or anaerobic conditions and the effect of interactions between these factors on the potential properties of KLDS 1.0727 and KLDS 1.0373, furthermore, antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens. Moreover, another aim is to study the capability of KLDS 1.0727 and KLDS 1.0373 strains as gad gene carriers to express GABA that reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes in C57BL/6 mice as diabetic models. The obtained results exhibited the surprising tolerance of Lactobacillus brevis strains in vitro digestion models mimicking the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, further, large antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogeneses. In vivo results displayed the significant effect on glucose level reduction, blood plasma, and histological assays of mice organs. As recommended, the use of Lactobacillus brevis strains should be widely shared in the market as a natural source of GABA in pharmaceutical and food applications.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been previously judged as a major metabolic regulator. In this paper, we show that FGF-21 has a potential role in anti-inflammation and immunoregulation. In vivo, treatment with exogenous FGF-21 can alleviate LPS-induced inflammation. In vitro, FGF-21 inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β expression in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, besides the NF-κB pathway, the mechanism of action of FGF-21 was observed to involve the elevation of IL-10 in the ERK1/2 pathway. This study clearly indicates that FGF21 can be used as an attractive target for the management of inflammatory disorders. This piece of research indicates that FGF-21 could have much value in the management of inflammatory disorders.

Previous study reports that FGF21 could ameliorate hepatic brosis, but its mechanisms have not been fully investigated. In this study, three models were used to investigate the mechanism by which FGF21 alleviates liver brosis. CCL4 and DMN were respectively used to induce hepatic brosis animal models.Our results demonstrated that liver index and liver function were deteriorated in both models. HE and Masson's staining showed that the damaged tissue architectonics were observed in the mice of both models. Treatment with FGF21 signi cantly ameliorated these changes. ELISA analysis showed that the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were signi cantly elevated in both models. However, administration of FGF21 signi cantly reduced these in ammatory cytokines. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that mRNA and protein expression of collagenI, α-SMA and TGF-β were signi cantly decreased by treatment with FGF21. PDGF-BB stimulant was used to establish the experimental cell model in HSCs. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of collagenI and α-SMA were signi cantly upregulated by this stimulant in model group. Interestingly, our results showed that mRNA and protein expression of leptin were also signi cantly induced in PDGF-BB treated HSCs. Administration of FGF21 could signi cantly reduce leptin expression in a dose dependent manner and these effects were reversed in siRNA (against β-klotho) transfected HSCs. Furthermore, the leptin signaling pathways related protein p-ERK/t-ERK, p-STAT3/STAT3 and TGF-β were signi cantly downregulated by FGF21 treatment in a dose dependent manner. The expression of SOCS3 and Nrf-2 were enhanced by treatment with FGF21.The underlying mechanism may be that FGF21 regulates leptin-STAT3 axis via Nrf-2 and SOCS3 pathway in activated HSCs.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Background: The COVID-19 first appeared in Wuhan city of China. It was treated as a case of pneumonia having no etiology, first appeared in December 2019. Its spread was at a rapid pace worldwide. It was named as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization on 11 th February 2020, as of 5 th June 2020, there are 87,113 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 196 students of SMBBMU through an online questionnaire. It was self-generated and evaluated by epidemiologists. The questionnaire was developed through the WHO advisory from the Coronavirus disease advice for public: Myth busters. It contains socio-demographic information and Twenty-four (24) questions related to myths and knowledge for COVID-19 and the response of questions was taken on true/false basis. Results: A total of 196 students participated out of which 100 were females and 96 were males, the mean age of the participants was 22.4005 ± 4.97, and 168(85.7%)participants were unmarried. The highest ratio involved in this study was of the first year, which was about 82 (41.8%). The most common source of information was social media (n=118; 60.2%). Overall,77.21% of the students were aware of the myths and realities regarding COVID-19.Data were analyzed through SPSS 24.Conclusion:The students had sound knowledge regarding the myths and realities of COVID-19.It is the responsibility of public health care providers to spread this knowledge into every part of the country through social media and other sources at their disposal.