The routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is defined as the manner of data dissemination from the network field (source) to the base station (destination). Based on the network topology, there are two types of routing protocols in WSNs, they are namely flat routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols. Hierarchical routing protocols (HRPs) are more energy efficient and scalable compared to flat routing protocols. This paper discusses how topology management and network application influence the performance of cluster-based and chain-based hierarchical networks. It reviews the basic features of sensor connectivity issues such as power control in topology setup , sleep/idle pairing and data transmission control that are used in five common HRPs, and it also examines their impact on the protocol performance. A good picture of their respective performances give an indication how network applications, i.e whether reactive or proactive, and topology management i.e. whether centralized or distributed would determine the network performance. Finally, from the ensuring discussion, it is shown that the chain-based HRPs guarantee a longer network lifetime compared to cluster-based HRPs by three to five times.
In today’s accelerated growth of mobile device technology, resource utilization in access network will continue to draw more attention to the increasing mobile user devices and applications. The main objective is to address the issue of QoS resource utilization efficiency. This paper combines the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to provide the optimum routing and to improve the QoS resource utilization efficiency. This proposed hybrid ACO-PSO algorithm uses the IEEE 802.11 DCF standard with multi-antenna scheme (MIMO) of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) to apply into integrated wireless (MANET) optical (PON network) based in Software Defined Network (SDN) with cloud computing. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) gives the opportunity to its users to practice the wireless environment and full functionality of “anything, anytime, anywhere” concept. The proposed work is implemented using the OMNeT++ software where it investigates the QoS performance. These metrics include all nodes throughput, bandwidth, and load balance, routing and control overhead improvement with reduction. They also comprise of RSSI, end to end delay, Packet Delivery Ratio, network capacity, packet loss probability, as well as power consumption in all wireless nodes and energy consumption from wireless domain to wired domain.
This work proposes a comparative analysis of sinusoidal and third harmonic injected reference signal modulation accompany with level-shifted PWM technique named as phase disposition (LSPD), phase opposition disposition (LSPOD), and alternate phase opposition disposition (LSAPOD) and phase-shifted PWM technique. Switching pulses from both reference signal and PWM technique have been fed into three phase eleven level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) fed on a resistive-inductive load with the modulation depth (MD) set to varied from 80% to 100%. For voltage source inverter, total harmonic distortion (THD) content is critical and must be within the allowable range. To prove the feasibility of the reference signal with carrier signal schemes, the entire simulation of the modulation techniques is established and conducted via the Simulink environment. According to the analyzed result, the performance is acceptable in terms of %THDV and %THDI values. Simulation analysis also indicates, at full modulation depth, due to higher fundamental output voltage component produces via the THIPWM modulation technique compared to the SPWM technique, this causes higher %THDV value.
<p><span>This paper proposes an analysis of the coverage performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus. The performance of the cellular services is presented as the network’s coverage profile which is based on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The area under study is virtually divided into 64 grid points where the average RSSI measurements are captured by using an open source software namely G-Mon. The measured values are mapped into the network coverage profile which represents the signal reception quality at each of the grid points. A statistical analysis called Two-Way ANOVA is performed to investigate the correlation of the performance of 4G cellular services in UTeM Technology Campus with the mobile phone brands and service operators. Based on the analysis, it is found that the signal reception in outdoor areas are better than that of indoor areas. In addition, the analysis shows that the propagation loss and signal degradation are two factors that contribute to the 4G services’ performance in UTeM Technology Campus. </span></p>
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