Fabrication of a nanosize metal aperture for a near field scanning optical microscopy sensor using photoresist removal and sputtering techniques Fabrication of submicron suspended structures by laser and atomic force microscopy lithography on aluminum combined with reactive ion etching We report on a novel fabrication process and preliminary characterization of a nanomechanical resonating device, which is to be used for mass detection. The fabrication of the device is based on laser lithography on Al coated SiO 2 /p ϩϩ Si/SiO 2 /Si structures, followed by dry and wet etching. We have fabricated highly doped polysilicon free-hanging cantilevers and anchored drivers for lateral cantilever vibration, where the motion of the cantilever is parallel to the substrate. The cantilevers are actuated electrically by applying an ac voltage between the cantilever and driver. The laterally vibrating cantilever structures are approximately 30-50 m in length, 1.8 m in height, and 500 nm in width. The characterization of the resonators was performed by direct observation of the cantilever through an optical microscope. An electrical measuring technique is also presented and discussed. Typical values of resonant frequency and quality factor, at 1 atm, are approximately 500 kHz and 50, respectively. Moreover, a dependence of the resonant frequency on the applied dc voltage between the cantilever and driver has been found.

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A simple linear electromechanical model for an electrostatically driven resonating cantilever is derived. The model has been developed in order to determine dynamic quantities such as the capacitive current flowing through the cantilever-driver system at the resonance frequency, and it allows us to calculate static magnitudes such as position and voltage of collapse or the voltage versus deflection characteristic. The model is used to demonstrate the theoretical sensitivity on the attogram scale of a mass sensor based on a nanometre-scale cantilever, and to analyse the effect of an extra feedback loop in the control circuit to increase the Q factor.

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FLACS pretreatment seems to induce significant pupillary miosis with all laser platforms assessed in this study. The decrease in pupil diameter after FLACS reached clinical significance for cataract extraction (< 5 mm) in 4.0% of cases, whereas 20.2% of eyes demonstrated small pupil diameter (≤ 6 mm) after FLACS pretreatment.