In this work we searched for genetic similarities in twelve wild rye species and subspecies and a control (S. cereale ssp. cereale, cv. Walet), using RAPD and AFLP markers. AFLP is useful for distinguishing homo-and heterozygotes but is not recommended for evaluation of codominant markers. We assessed the usefulness of the applied methods for examining genetic similarity in rye. RAPD yielded four groups of genetic similarity, with similarity values between 0.32 and 0.81. AFLP markers distinguished two groups of genetic similarity, ranging from 0.49 to 0.79. K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : Secale L., molecular markers, AFLP, RAPD, genetic similarity.
Investigations of genetic diversity of <em>Heterobasidion</em> spp. in Scots pine, Norway spruce and European silver fir stands indicated that almost all of identified genets occurring in those stands were small and occupied only a single stump. In some cases two, three or even four genets could effectively exist in an individual stump. Genetic similarity of <em>H. annosum</em> s.s. genets varied from 0% to 62%, <em>H. parviporum</em> from 0% to 38% and <em>H. abietinum</em> from 0% to 55%. The oldest and biggest genet was found in laying fir log and overgrew the wood for at least 14 years. This genet belonged to <em>H. abietinum</em>. The size of genets was related to thinning operation, spore dispersal, age of stand or competition in wood colonization.
The aim of this research was to analyze genetic polymorphism between nine wild species and three cultivars of rye (genus <em>Secale</em> L.). The genetic polymorphism was assessed by means of the RAPD method (random amplified polymorphic DNA). The coefficients of genetic similarity between the species were calculated on the basis of amplified products and they were presented in a dendrogram. The highest genetic similarity was found between the <em>Secale cereale</em> ‘Amilo’ and <em>S. cereale</em> ssp. <em>ancestrale</em> ecotype 30226 (70%), whereas the lowest genetic similarity was observed between <em>S. sylvestre</em> and <em>S. cereale</em> ssp. <em>dighoricum</em> (33%). The results indicate considerable usefulness of the wild species for crossbreeding with the cultivars of the genus <em>Secale</em> and as genetic resources for breeding programs.
Leaf mutants were isolated and genetically stabilised in diploid red clover (Trifolium pratense). The major alteration showed normal trifoliolate leaves changed into multifoliolate leaves composed of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7 leaflets. As a result of recombination with other mutant alleles several genotypes were isolated with a different mode of leaf setting, different shapes and sizes of leaflets, variations in the whole plant habit, etc. A careful description was made of the mutant morphology and the development and genetic background was estimated as (h sl (2) ). The mutants demonstrated no disturbances in their generative reproduction and as a rule set seeds better than the standards. The primary evaluation permits a conclusion that the leaf alteration (complexity) is governed by at least three recessive pairs of alleles of additive action. The phenotypic expression of the altered leaves depends simply on the number of recessive alleles. Apart from the above there were some modifying genes of incomplete penetration.
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