Our results suggest that dailyhigh-frequency rTMS of the ipsilesional M1 is tolerable and modestly facilitates motor recovery in the paralytic hand of subacute stroke patients.

Chlorophylls are essential components of the photosynthetic apparati that sustain all of the life forms that ultimately depend on solar energy. However, a drawback of the extraordinary photosensitizing efficiency of certain chlorophyll species is their ability to generate harmful singlet oxygen. Recent studies have clarified the catabolic processes involved in the detoxification of chlorophylls in land plants, but little is understood about these strategies in aquatic ecosystem. Here, we report that a variety of heterotrophic protists accumulate the chlorophyll a catabolite 13 2 ,17 3 -cyclopheophorbide a enol (cPPB-aE) after their ingestion of algae. This chlorophyll derivative is nonfluorescent in solution, and its inability to generate singlet oxygen in vitro qualifies it as a detoxified catabolite of chlorophyll a. Using a modified analytical method, we show that cPPBaE is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, and it is often the major chlorophyll a derivative. Our findings suggest that cPPB-aE metabolism is one of the most important, widely distributed processes in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the herbivorous protists that convert chlorophyll a to cPPB-aE are suggested to play more significant roles in the modern oceanic carbon flux than was previously recognized, critically linking microscopic primary producers to the macroscopic food web and carbon sequestration in the ocean. phototoxicity of chlorophylls | microbial herbivory | phagocytosis | biodiversity of eukaryotes | microbial loop C hlorophylls are crucial to sustaining most life forms on Earth, the majority of which ultimately depend on solar energy. Photoexcitation of chlorophylls initiates various photosynthetic reactions that convert the energy of photons into chemical potentials, which in turn, drive the full range of metabolic reactions throughout the global ecosystem. Chlorophylls play a central role in the photosynthetic apparatus by absorbing light and transferring the excitation energy to the reaction centers of photosystems before photosynthetic electron transport. However, without measures to contain the excited energy, chlorophylls can harm organisms because of their high photosensitizing potential.

Anisotropic lattice relaxation in non-c-plane InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells J. Appl. Phys. 112, 033513 (2012) Influence of laser lift-off on optical and structural properties of InGaN/GaN vertical blue light emitting diodes AIP Advances 2, 022122 (2012) Vertical nonpolar growth templates for light emitting diodes formed with GaN nanosheets Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 033119 (2012) Irregular spectral position of E || c component of polarized photoluminescence from m-plane InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on LiAlO2 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 232114 (2011) Improvement in spontaneous emission rates for InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrate for lightemitting diodes

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In order to examine the excitation of intrinsic localized modes (ILMs) in a real material, we analyze two-dimensional vibration of a graphene sheet using molecular-dynamics simulations based on the Brenner potential. Energy localization is observed in a few regions for 1.0 ps. Fairly constant vibration modes, in which the two neighboring atoms vibrate in the opposite direction, are generated locally. The frequency of the localized vibration exceeds the upper bound of the phonon band and the mode is similar to one of the eigenmodes. The localized vibration remains at the same location and maintains the mode for a fairly long time (26 cycles). Since all of these results correspond to the characteristic features of ILM, it is concluded that the stationary ILM is excited in the graphene sheet.

In this paper, we present a novel compact DC-DC converter IC in which normally-off GaN-GITs (Gate Injection Transistors) and gate drivers are integrated into one chip. The DC-DC converter IC can achieve higher efficiency and smaller chip size by reducing parasitic inductances between switching power devices and gate drivers. The gate driver, having a DCFL (Direct Coupled FET Logic) with a buffer amplifier which is consisted of a GaN-HFET (Hetero-junction FET) andGaN-GITs can operate with higher speed and lower power consumption. The fabricated DC-DC converter IC exhibits a peak efficiency as high as 86.6% at 2MHz for the 12V-1.8V conversion.

In order to examine the excitation of intrinsic localized modes ͑ILMs͒ in a three-dimensional material, we conducted molecular dynamics numerical simulations on ͑12,0͒, ͑10,0͒, and ͑8,0͒ zigzag carbon nanotubes ͑CNTs͒ and ͑7,7͒, ͑6,6͒, and ͑5,5͒ armchair CNTs based on the Brenner potential. While energy localization is observed in several regions in the zigzag CNTs, it is not seen in the armchair CNTs. In the former, fairly constant modes, where two neighboring atoms vibrate in the opposite direction along the axial direction, are found in the energy-localized region, and their frequencies exceed the upper bound of the phonon band. In the armchair CNTs, atomic vibrations in the circumferential direction within high-energy regions cannot last a long time. These results indicate that the ILM is excited in the three zigzag CNTs but not in the three armchair ones. This is because the bond along the tube-axial direction has stronger nonlinearity under vibrations than that in the circumferential one, and the bond direction depends on the structure of the CNT.

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