MiR-15a expression measured in urine may be used as diagnostic molecular biomarker for RCC.

The data received in our study demonstrate a substantial restriction of diffusion of hydrogen molecules in tissues of ccRCC in comparison with the healthy renal parenchyma preconditioned by the greater density of tumor. A statistically significant difference in mean ADC values of ccRCC with different grades of nuclear pleomorphism by Fuhrman was observed: Low-grade tumors showed higher mean ADC values compared to high-grade tumors. The modality of the MRI DWI along with ADC measurement allows to reliably differentiate between the solid RCC of main histologic subtypes and grades, cystic RCC, and the benign renal lesions.

ADC maps with b values of 0 and 800 s/mm can be used as an imaging biomarker, to differentiate benign SRM from malignant SRM. Using ADC value threshold of 1.75 × 10 mm/s allows to differentiate solid RCC from solid benign kidney tumors with 91% sensitivity and 89% specificity; ADC value threshold of 2.96 × 10 mm/s distinguishes cystic RCC from benign renal cysts with 90% sensitivity and 88% specificity. However, the possibility of differentiation between ccRCC histologic subtypes and grades, utilizing ADC values, is limited.

SummaryBackgroundDiffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an MRI modality using strong bipolar gradients to create a sensitivity of the signal to the thermally-induced Brownian motions of water molecules and in vivo measurement of molecular diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is a quantitative parameter calculated from DWI images which is used as a measure of diffusion. DWI allows to obtain comprehensive information on morphological and functional state of the kidney during a single examination without contrast medium administration. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the value of DWI in differentiating benign and malignant solid kidney tumors based on the initial stage of the study.Material/MethodsThe study included 19 adult patients with pathologically verified renal tumors: 9 patients with clear cell subtype of the renal cell carcinoma, 5 patients with oncocytoma and 5 patients with angiomyolipoma (AML). In addition, 5 healthy volunteers with completely normal findings according to kidney ultrasound were included into this study and set as reference. All patients underwent renal MR imaging which included DWI with subsequent ADC measurement. MR imaging was performed with a 1.5 T body scanner using an eight-channel phased-array body coil.ResultsThe mean ADC value of ccRCC was significantly lower than that of normal renal parenchyma (2.11±0.25×10−3 mm2/s vs. 3.36±0.41×10−3 mm2/s, p<0.01). There was a significant difference in ADC between the malignant and benign renal lesions: in patients with angiomyolipoma the ADC value was 2.36±0.32×10−3 mm2/s vs. 2.11±0.25×10−3 mm2/s; p<0.05 and in patients with oncocytoma – 2.75±0.27×10−3 mm2/s vs. 2.11±0.25×10−3 mm2/s; p<0.05. The difference in ADC values in patients with high and low ccRCC grades was observed.ConclusionsDWI can be used to characterize renal lesions; the ADC of a renal lesion can be potentially used as an additional parameter to help determine the appropriate clinical management.

IntroductionRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 3% of adult malignancies and more than 90% of kidney neoplasms. High rates of undiagnostic percutaneous kidney biopsies and difficulties in reliable pre-operative differentiation between malignant and benign renal tumors using contemporary imaging techniques result in large numbers of redundant surgeries. Absence of specific biomarkers for early detection and monitoring complicates on-time diagnosis of the disease and relapse. For the patients followed up after having a nephrectomy, a noninvasive and sensitive biomarker enabling early detection of disease relapse would be extremely useful.Material and methodsThe study is a review of recent knowledge regarding potential clinical applications of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers of RCC.ResultsMicroRNAs are essential regulators of various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, development and death; they have been implicated in diverse biological and pathological processes in RCC. There is a class of miRNAs that promote RCC development (oncomirs) and a class of miRNAs that negatively regulate oncogenes, suppress tumor growth and invasion, and thus could be considered treatment agents (anti-oncomirs). Separate miRNAs and specific miRNAs expression profiles have been identified, enabling early detection of the disease, prediction of response to systemic therapy, or prognostication of biological behavior of the disease.ConclusionsThe miRNA network analysis and gene profiling may help to identify the most sensible molecular signatures of RCC that can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as poor prognosis signatures and poor therapeutic response signatures in patients who undergo systemic therapy.

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Нирково-клітинний рак (НКР) -найбільш поширена первинна пухли-на нирки. П'ятирічна виживаність за даної патології становить лише 35 % [11]. Сучасні клінічні рекомендації вказують на зростання ролі черезшкір-них пункційних біопсій (ЧПБ) нирки, керованих за допомогою променевих методів дослідження, для здійснення диференційної діагностики НКР та доброякісних пухлин нирок. Проте ефективність застосування ЧПБ активно дискутується, позаяк ця методика є інвазивною, вимагає багато часу для виконання та, що найважливіше, частка недіагностичних ЧПБ нирки, за різними даними, неприйнятно висока (5-40 %) [3, 10]. Водночас застосування сучасних променевих методів обстеження, таких як КТ чи

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