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Photocatalysis technology can not only decompose water, toxic and harmful substances in the environment, but also directly convert solar energy into electricity and other clean energy. Therefore, the application of photocatalytic materials in sensors has great potential. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the application and potential of photocatalytic materials in sensors. The content includes the application of various photocatalytic materials in sensors. The photocatalytic materials mainly include n‐type semiconductor materials TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, Fe2O3, WO3, In2O3 and nonmetallic semiconductor C3N4. Sensors include gas sensors, photoelectrochemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, photocatalytic sensors, and other sensors. The results show that photocatalytic materials are most widely used in gas sensors. In addition to using photocatalytic materials to detect gas, the most common method is to use photocatalytic materials to detect the concentration of metal ions and organic substances in water. The most widely used photocatalytic material is titanium dioxide, and C3N4 as a nonmetallic semiconductor is rarely used in sensors. It can be concluded that photocatalytic materials have great potential in the application of sensors, among which C3N4 as a nonmetallic semiconductor photocatalytic material has more potential.

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In this paper, biodiesel was used as an alternative fuel to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxide, soot, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon. Firstly, a diesel engine cylinder model was developed by AVL-Fire software coupled with CHEMKIN code to simulate the injection and combustion of biodiesel with a kinetic mechanism with 106 species and 263 reactions. Then, the simulation model was validated by experimental results under 100% and 50% load conditions and used to simulate the combustion process of a diesel engine fueled with pure diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel–diesel blends with 10%, 20%, 30% biodiesel by volume, respectively. The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption increased with the increase of mixed biodiesel ratio. The brake specific fuel consumptions of B10, B20 and B30 increased by 1.1%, 2.3% and 3.3%, respectively, compared with that of D100. The combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine are improved. Therefore, biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine. The diesel–biodiesel fuel can improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine.

Due to the increasing air pollution from diesel engines and the shortage of conventional fossil fuels, many experimental and numerical types of research have been carried out and published in the literature over the past few decades to find a new, sustainable, and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an appropriate alternate solution for diesel engines because it is renewable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. According to the European Academies Science Advisory Council, biodiesel evolution is broadly classified into four generations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the production, properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines using different generations of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace fossil-based diesel and summarizes the primary feedstocks and properties of different generations of biodiesel compared with diesel. The general impression is that the use of different generations of biodiesel decreased 30% CO, 50% HC, and 70% smoke emissions compared with diesel. Engine performance is slightly decreased by an average of 3.13%, 89.56%, and 11.98% for higher density, viscosity, and cetane, respectively, while having a 7.96% lower heating value compared with diesel. A certain ratio of biodiesel as fuel instead of fossil diesel combined with advanced after-treatment technology is the main trend of future diesel engine development.

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