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Experiments were performed to measure the dynamical response of individual SonoVue microbubbles subjected to pulsed ultrasound. Three commonly used bubble dynamic models (i.e., Hoff's, Sarkar's, and linearized Marmottant's models) were compared to determine the most appropriate model for fitting to the experimental data. The models were evaluated against published optical microscopy data. The comparison suggests that it is difficult to rank these models for lipid-shelled microbubbles undergoing small-amplitude oscillations, because under these conditions the shell parameters in these models are closely related. A linearized version of the Marmottant model was used to estimate the shell parameters (i.e., shear modulus and shear viscosity) of SonoVue microbubbles from the experimental light scattering data, as a function of ambient microbubble radius. The SonoVue microbubble shell elasticity and dilatational viscosity increase with ambient bubble radius, in agreement with previously published data. The results suggest that light scattering, used in conjunction with one of several popular bubble dynamics models, is effective at characterizing microbubble response and evaluating shell parameters.

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Soil salinity is a major environmental stress that has been negatively affecting the growth and productivity of rice. However, various salt-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been known to promote plant growth and alleviate the damaging effects of salt stress via mitigating physio-biochemical and molecular characteristics. This study was conducted to examine the salt stress potential of Bacillus strains identified from harsh environments of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau region of China. The Bacillus strains NMTD17, GBSW22, and FZB42 were screened for their response under different salt stress conditions (1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 16%). The screening analysis revealed strains NMTD17, GBSW22, and FZB42 to be high-salt tolerant, moderate-salt tolerant, and salt-sensitive, respectively. The NMTD17 strain produced a strong biofilm, followed by GBSW22 and FZB42. The expression of salt stress-related genes in selected strains was also analyzed through qPCR in various salt concentrations. Further, the Bacillus strains were used in pot experiments to study their growth-promoting ability and antioxidant activities at various concentrations (0, 100, 150, and 200 mmol). The analysis of growth-promoting traits in rice exhibited that NMTD17 had a highly significant effect and GSBW22 had a moderately significant effect in comparison with FZB42. The highly resistant strain NMTD17 that stably promoted rice plant growth was further examined for its function in the composition of rhizobacterial communities. The inoculation of NMTD17 increased the relative abundance and richness of rhizobacterial species. These outcomes propose that NMTD17 possesses the potential of PGPR traits, antioxidants enzyme activities, and reshaping the rhizobacterial community that together mitigate the harmful effects of salinity in rice plants.

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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