“…However, large uncertainties exist in the estimates of global inland water CH 4 emissions, partly due to the lack of a clear understanding on the various processes driving CH 4 saturation and emission in aquatic environments. Aerobic methane oxidation (MOX), for example, plays a central role in regulating the global CH 4 budget by biologically mitigating CH 4 emissions from various natural (e.g., wetlands, rivers, lakes, and ocean) and anthropogenic (e.g., rice paddy fields, landfills) sources (King, 1992;Guérin and Abril, 2007;Reeburgh, 2007;Bastviken et al, 2008;Chanton et al, 2009;Chanton et al, 2011;Serrano-Silva et al, 2014;Cai et al, 2016;Sawakuchi et al, 2016;Li et al, 2022). Despite its pivotal role in controlling CH 4 emissions, accurate quantification of MOX is constrained methodologically and often represents one of the largest uncertain components in the budgets of various CH 4 sources.…”