It has been recently shown that manifestation of nonmonotonic concentration dependences of physicochemical properties of highly diluted solutions (10 -20 -10 -6 mol/L) of biologically active compounds (BACs) correlating with their bioeffects is caused by formation and rearrangement of nanoobjects (100-400 nm), referred to as nanoassociates (see review [1] and references therein). It has been revealed that nanoassociates are initiated by a solute under certain conditions, the most essential among which are the presence of external electromagnetic fields, the defi nite structure of the solute, and the procedure of prep aration of solutions. In highly diluted BAC solutions kept in a permalloy container, i.e., at reduced levels of external physical fields, nanoassociates are not formed and the properties of solutions correspond to the prop erties of the solvent, water. Based on analysis of data on self organization and physicochemical and biolog ical properties of highly diluted BAC solutions, we have suggested the method for predicting initiation of bioeffects [2]. Owing to nonmonotonic concentration dependences, these bioeffects are usually observed only in some dilution ranges corresponding to definite calculated concentrations.Numerous studies carried out in recent decades are evidence of the biological activity of highly diluted solutions in which the calculated concentration is much less than 10 -20 mol/L [3,4]. The detected bio logical activity of ultrahighly diluted solutions is prac tically used for drugs containing, as the active ingredi ent, ultralow concentrations of antibodies, proteins produced by immune system cells (lymphocytes). Antibodies are glycoproteins with a complex structure and high molecular weight (150 kDa) belonging to a special class of biomolecules-immunoglobulins. The ability of antibodies to specifically interact with other proteins (antigens) ensures their participation in the anti infection defense, as well as enables their use in regulation of the immune system and in maintaining homeostasis of an organism as a whole. At present, for drugs based on ultrahigh dilutions of antibodies, the safety, efficiency [5][6][7][8], and specific pharmacological effect [9] have been proved at the preclinical and clin ical levels; however, physicochemical causes of their impact on the living organism is not yet clear.In attempts to physicochemically explain the bio logical activity of ultrahigh dilutions, it is logical to use the previously developed approach and understanding of the causes behind the physicochemical properties and biological effects of solutions in the range of lower dilutions corresponding to 10 -20 -10 -6 mol/L [1,2]. This work is aimed at studying, under ambient con ditions and at decreased levels of external physical fields (in a permalloy container), the self organization and physicochemical properties of highly diluted aqueous solutions of polyclonal antibodies to the pro tein interferon gamma. We also intend to establish the correlation between the self organization of high...
Aggregation, catalytic activity, and the influence of alkylated p sulfonatocalix[n]arenes (SCA; n = 4, 6, 8) on the energy exchange in cells of wheat roots were studied. In water SCA are surfactants, and their efficiency changes with an increase in the number of aromatic rings (n) and the length of hydrocarbon substituents (R) in the molecule. In the range of critical micelle concentration, SCA form micelles with an effective hydrodynamic diameter of ~200 nm. The catalytic activity of micellar solutions of SCA (n = 4, 8; R = C 12 H 25 ) in hydrolysis of ethyl 4 nitrophenyl chloromethylphosphonate (ENCP) decreases with an increase in n, whereas the binding constant of ENCP increases. The modifying effect of SCA on the membranes and the energy exchange in cells of wheat roots was revealed: the membranotropic activity of SCA increases with an increase in the hydrophobicity of substituents R and the macrocycle size.Considerable attention is recently given to the study of methods for synthesis, properties, and the scope of application of p sulfonatocalix[n]arenes (SCA) and their derivatives. 1-16 One of the most promising and interest ing directions of using SCA is the medical biological area, 17 which is caused by high solubility of SCA in water, low toxicity, 17 and accessibility of functionalization, which makes it possible to control physicochemical properties of these compounds by changing the nature of substituents and the number of aromatic rings. For instance, the in troduction of alkyl radicals into the SCA molecule favors the change in its hydrophilic lipophilic balance and the appearance of surfactant properties. 1,4 A consequence of an increase in the number of aromatic rings is the confor mational mobility of the macrocycle, 5,6,9-11,17 resulting in the appearance of the adaptive ability to substrate binding (flexible "tuning"). 18 Although many publications are de voted to p sulfonatocalix[n]arenes, the aggregation be havior of SCA modified by alkyl radicals was not system atically studied.The mechanism of interaction of biologically active compounds with the cell membrane surface depends, to a great extent, on hydrophobicity of these compounds and their aggregation state. 19-22 Many micelle forming sur factants possess antimicrobial activity and can enhance the effect of sulfamide drugs and solubilize hydrophobic drugs by transforming them into the soluble form. 19,23 It is known that the energy processes in cells are tightly related to the phosphorylation dephosphorylation reactions of membrane proteins. 24 The study of biological aspects of application of nonmodified p sulfonatocalix[n]arenes showed that unsubstituted SCA (n = 4, R = Н) manifest supramolecular catalytic activity in hydrolysis of ATP, 17 which can change substantially in the case of alkylated SCA. Therefore, the complex study of the aggregation properties of alkylated SCA, their catalytic activity in the model reaction of hydrolysis of phosphorus acid esters, and the influence on biosystems is an urgent problem, whose solution will hel...
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