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fever with or without chills, chest tightness, dry cough, and shortness of breath, while developing patchy to diffuse infiltration of the lungs, as shown radiographically in Figure 1. Identifying and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection has become crucially important. A recent projection of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 [2] showed that longitudinal serological studies are desperately needed to determine the extent and duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Even in the event of apparent elimination, maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance is still needed because of a possible resurgence of contagion. In the past, notable viruses have emerged suddenly from obscurity or anonymity, provoking concern from the point of view of immunology regarding their sustained epidemic transmission in naive human populations. More than 70% of these infections have been zoonotic, entering either directly from wild animal reservoirs or indirectly via an intermediate domestic animal host. [3] Ebola virus, avian influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and SARS are all examples of zoonoses that have emerged from wild animals, presenting an increasingly serious threat to human health and economies worldwide. Figure 2 shows the trend in the number of people infected with SARS-CoV-2. [4] The spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has changed the lives of people around the world with a huge impact on economies and societies. The development of wearable sensors that can continuously monitor the environment for viruses may become an important research area. Here, the state of the art of research on biosensor materials for virus detection is reviewed. A general description of the principles for virus detection is included, along with a critique of the experimental work dedicated to various virus sensors, and a summary of their detection limitations. The piezoelectric sensors used for the detection of human papilloma, vaccinia, dengue, Ebola, influenza A, human immunodeficiency, and hepatitis B viruses are examined in the first section; then the second part deals with magnetostrictive sensors for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, and classical swine fever. In addition, progress related to early detection of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is discussed in the final section, where remaining challenges in the field are also identified. It is believed that this review will guide material researchers in their future work of developing smart biosensors, which can further improve detection sensitivity in monitoring currently known and future virus threats.

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A nanocomposite was fabricated from graphene, self assembled octadecylamine (OTA) and plasma polymerized allylamine (PPAA). A thrombin aptamer was immobilized onto the amino-functionalized nanocomposite.

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This paper presents a finite element (FE) model developed using commercial FE software COMSOL to simulate the multiphysical process of pieozoelectric vibration energy harvesting (PVEH), involving the dynamic mechanical and electrical behaviours of piezoelectric macro fibre composite (MFC) on carbon fibre composite structures. The integration of MFC enables energy harvesting, sensing and actuation capabilities, with applications found in aerospace, automotive and renewable energy. There is an existing gap in the literature on modelling the dynamic response of PVEH in relation to real-world vibration data. Most simulations were either semi-analytical MATLAB models that are geometry unspecific, or basic FE simulations limited to sinusoidal analysis. However, the use of representative environment vibration data is crucial to predict practical behaviour for industrial development. Piezoelectric device physics involving solid mechanics and electrostatics were combined with electrical circuit defined in this FE model. The structure was dynamically excited by interpolated vibration data files, while orthotropic material properties for MFC and carbon fibre composite were individually defined for accuracy. The simulation results were validated by experiments with <10% deviation, providing confidence for the proposed multiphysical FE model to design and optimise PVEH smart composite structures.

A sustainable power supply for a wide range of applications, such as powering sensors for structural health monitoring and wireless sensor nodes for data transmission and communication used in unmanned air vehicles, automobiles, renewable energy sectors, and smart city technologies, is targeted. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study that describes an innovative technique to harvest energy resulted from environmental vibrations. A piezoelectric energy harvester was integrated onto a carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate structure using the co-curing method. The integrated composite with the energy harvester was lightweight, flexible and provided robust and reliable energy outcomes, which can be used to power different low-powered wireless sensing nodes. A normalised power density of 97 µW cm −3 m −2 s 4 was obtained from resonance frequency of 46 Hz sinusoidal waves at ampitlude of 0.2 g; while the representative environmental vibration waves in various applications (aerospace, automotive, machine and bridge infrastructure) were experimentally and numerically investigated to find out the energy that can be harvested by such a multifunctional composite structure. The results showed the energy harvested at different vibration input from various industrial sectors could be sufficient to power an autonomous structural health monitoring system

General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Abstract: This paper investigates new ways to integrate piezoelectric energy harvesting elements onto carbon-fibre composite structures, using a new bonding technique with a vacuum bag system and co-curing process, for fabrication onto airframe structures. Dynamic mechanical vibration tests were performed to characterise the energy harvested by the various integration methods across a range of different vibration frequencies and applied mechanical input loadings. An analytical model was also introduced to predict the power harvested under the mechanical vibrations as a benchmark to evaluate the proposed methods. The developed co-curing showed a high efficiency for energy harvesting at a range of low frequencies, where the co-curing method offered a maximum improvement of 14.3% compared to the mechanical bonding approach at a frequency of 10Hz. Furthermore, co-curing exhibited potential at high frequency by performing the sweep test between frequencies of 1-100 Hz. Therefore, this research work offers potential integration technology for energy harvesting in complicated airframe structures in aerospace applications, to obtain the power required for environmental or structural health monitoring.