“…Composite materials, such as carbon fibre or glass fibre reinforced polymer, are increasingly desired in a number of applications such as aerospace, automotive, marine, infrastructural, renewable energy, biomedical and consumer products, due to their high ultimate strength, elastic moduli, high strength-to-weight-ratio and better failure reliability [1,2,3]. Furthermore, there are state-of-the-art development of multi-functional smart composite materials [4] that attempts to achieve the additional functionalities such as energy harvesting, structural health monitoring (SHM), condition sensing and wireless communication onto the otherwise purely mechanical material by integrating the multifunctional elements together.…”