Common orbital blowout fracture sites varied among age groups. These differences may be attributed to multiple factors, including differences in the morphology of the orbit and paranasal sinuses, composition of the facial bone, and causes of injury among age groups.
The AO fundus camera is capable of acquiring images of the photoreceptors in normal and myopic eyes. The greater spacing between cones in the myopia group is consistent with histological findings. These results suggest that retinal expansion should be considered in addition to Knapp's law when aniseikonia is evaluated in axial myopia.
Purpose:To investigate the structural changes in the photoreceptors by adaptive optics (AO) fundus imaging and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) in eyes with occult macular dystrophy (OMD).Design:Observational case reports.Methods:Eight eyes of four patients who were diagnosed with OMD were examined. All eyes had a complete ophthalmological examination. Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were recorded from all eyes. AO and FD-OCT images of foveal photoreceptors were obtained.Results:The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of these eyes ranged from 20/20 to 20/200, and the ocular fundus was normal by conventional ocular examination in all eyes. The amplitudes of the mfERGs were decreased in the foveal area. The inner and outer segment (IS/OS) junction of the photoreceptors in the foveal area was disrupted. The IS/OS junction was intact in one eye with a BCVA of 20/20, and the outer segment layer between the IS/OS junction and retinal pigment epithelium of the FD-OCT images was identified only in the center of the fovea. The AO images showed patchy dark areas in all eyes, which indicated a disruption of the mosaic of bright spots in the fovea.Conclusion:Structural changes of photoreceptors in OMD patients were detected tangentially by FD-OCT and en face by AO.
We report a case of a primary marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the lacrimal sac, which was found in a patient with epiphora without palpable mass. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated mucosal thickening of the lacrimal sac with a patent lumen, consistent with the intraoperative finding. Epiphora resolved, which was confirmed by smooth syringing, 1 month after starting the immunotherapy.
Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) activates retinal neurons leading to visual sensations. How the retinal cells are activated by TES has not been definitively determined. Investigating the reflectance changes of the retina is an established technique and has been used to determine the mechanism of retinal activation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reflectance changes elicited by TES in cat eyes. Eight eyes of Eight cats were studied under general anesthesia. Biphasic electrical pulses were delivered transcornealy. The fundus images observed with near-infrared light (800–880 nm) were recorded every 25 ms for 26 s. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the images of 10 consecutive recordings were averaged. Two-dimensional topographic maps of the reflective changes were constructed by subtracting images before from those after the TES. The effects of different stimulus parameters, e.g., current intensity, pulse duration, frequency, and stimulus duration, on the reflective changes were studied. Our results showed that after TES, the reflective changes appeared on the retinal vessels and optic disc. The intensity of reflectance changes increased as the current intensity, pulse duration, and stimulation duration increased (P<0.05 for all). The maximum intensity of the reflective change was obtained when the stimulus frequency was 20 Hz. The time course of the reflectance changes was also altered by the stimulation parameters. The response started earlier and returned to the baseline later with higher current intensities, longer pulse durations, but the time of the peak of the response was not changed. These results showed that the reflective changes were due to the activation of retinal neurons by TES and might involve the vascular changes induced by an activation of the retinal neurons.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.