In Vivo Measurements of Cone Photoreceptor Spacing in Myopic Eyes from Images Obtained by an Adaptive Optics Fundus Camera

Kitaguchi, Yoshiyuki; Bessho, Kenichiro; Yamaguchi, Tatsuo; Nakazawa, Naoki; Mihashi, Toshifumi; Fujikado, Takashi

doi:10.1007/s10384-007-0477-7

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Prior AO studies have shown a decrease in cone density in myopic subjects, 22,38 and a similar trend was observed here. The three emmetropic subjects had a mean SE of − 0.25 D, while for the myopes the mean SE was − 3.1 D. Averaging the data from these two groups separately, lower cone and rod densities were found at nearly all retinal locations in the myopic group: 13% lower on average for cones and 19% lower on average for the rods compared to the emmetropic group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Variation in rod and cone density from the fovea to the mid-periphery in healthy human retinas using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Wells-Gray

Choi

Bries

et al. 2016

Eye

102

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Purpose To characterize the rod and cone photoreceptor mosaic at retinal locations spanning the central 60°in vivo using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) in healthy human eyes. Methods AO-SLO images (0.7 × 0.9°) were acquired at 680 nm from 14 locations from 30°nasal retina (NR) to 30°temporal retina (TR) in 5 subjects. Registered averaged images were used to measure rod and cone density and spacing within 60 × 60 μm regions of interest. Voronoi analysis was performed to examine packing geometry at all locations. Results Average peak cone density near the fovea was 164 000 ± 24 000 cones/mm 2 and decreased to 6700 ± 1500 and 5400 ± 700 cones/mm 2 at 30°NR and 30°TR, respectively. Cone-to-cone spacing increased from 2.7 ± 0.2 μm at the fovea to 14.6 ± 1.4 μm at 30°NR and 16.3 ± 0.7 μm at 30°TR. Rod density peaked at 25°NR (124 000 ± 20 000 rods/mm 2 ) and 20°TR (120 000 ± 12 000 rods/mm 2 ) and decreased at higher eccentricities. Center-to-center rod spacing was lowest nasally at 25°(2.1 ± 0.1 μm). Temporally, rod spacing was lowest at 20°(2.2 ± 0.1 μm) before increasing to 2.3 ± 0.1 μm at 30°TR. Conclusions Both rod and cone densities showed good agreement with histology and prior AO-SLO studies. The results demonstrate the ability to image at higher retinal eccentricities than reported previously. This has clinical importance in diseases that initially affect the peripheral retina such as retinitis pigmentosa.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Variation in rod and cone density from the fovea to the mid-periphery in healthy human retinas using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Wells-Gray

Choi

Bries

et al. 2016

Eye

102

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“…One reason for reduced vision is spectacle minification resulting in loss of resolution. Other reports have proposed that increased eye length contributing to retinal stretching and spacing of the cone mosaic, morphologic changes in the photoreceptor outer segment, [30][31][32] and decreased subfoveal choroidal thickness delivering less oxygen and nutrients to outer retina may have a role. 33 Also, it was reported that there appeared to be a correlation between degree of myopia at age 14 and subsequent visual loss.…”

Section: Economic Burdenmentioning

confidence: 97%

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Holden

Sankaridurg

Smith

et al. 2013

Eye

207

153

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Myopia is the most frequent cause of distance impairment in the world and is creating an alarming global epidemic with deleterious ramifications for the quality of life and economic health of individuals and nations as a whole. In addition to being immediately disadvantageous, myopia increases the risk of serious disorders such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract and is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness across many countries. The reduction in age of onset of myopia is of great concern since the earlier the onset, the more myopic the individual will become, with all the attendant increased risks of accompanying debilitating eye conditions. The economic burden is great; both in consequences of uncorrected refractive error and also in the provision of devices for correcting visual acuity. Earlier onset of myopia increases the lifetime economic burden related to loss of productivity and independence, leading to a reduced quality of life. Recent data suggest addressing accommodation per se has little direct amelioration of myopia progression. Pharmacological interventions that effect changes in the sclera show promising efficacy, whereas optical interventions based on a myopic shift in the retinal image are proving to effect up to 55% reduction in the rate of progression of myopia. Early contact lens and spectacle interventions that reduce the rate of progression of myopia are able to significantly reduce the burden of myopia. These nonpharmacological interventions show profound promise in reducing the overall associated morbidity of myopia.

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“…Moreover, it has been described by histological studies that both vessel density and diameter are reduced in the choriocapillaris of highly myopic eyes [8,9]. As the choroid supplies nutrition to retinal pigment epithelial cells and the outer retina, compromised choroidal morphology and circulation may account, in part, for retinal dysfunction and vision loss that is seen in high myopia [10,11]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Macular Choroidal Thickness on Visual Function in Highly Myopic Eyes

et al. 2014

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Purpose: To explore the retinal and choroidal thicknesses (RT, CT), as measured using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis) in highly myopic eyes and its relationship with visual function. Materials and Methods: Prospective, case-control, noninterventional clinical study. CT was measured by EDI-OCT in highly myopic eyes (≥6 dpt) without any macular diseases and age-matched control eyes. A complete ophthalmological examination, visual acuity assessment and MP1 microperimetry were obtained. Results: 38 myopic (15 M/23 F, mean age 51 ± 8.9 years) and 21 control eyes (5 M/16 F, mean age 50 ± 5.4 years) were included. The myopic mean refractive error was -13.3 ± 4.9 dpt and axial length 29.2 ± 2.2 mm. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was lower in highly myopic than in control eyes (77.3 ± 9.25 vs. 84.8 ± 0.6 letters, p = 0.0001, respectively) as was the mean retinal sensitivity (MRS; 16.32 ± 2.6 vs. 19.9 ± 0.2 dB, p < 0.0001). While RT was similar between groups (291.5 ± 24.2 vs. 283.6 ± 13.9 µm, p = 0.06, respectively), subfoveal CT was thinner in highly myopic compared to control eyes (114.3 ± 78.5 vs. 272.6 ± 110.2 µm, p < 0.0001). A significant relationship was found between subfoveal CT and MRS (R² = 0.22; p = 0.003) and BCVA (R² = 0.13; p = 0.027). Conclusions: Macular function is reduced in highly myopic eyes without any visible macular diseases compared to controls, and a significant proportion of the macular function variability seems to be related to a reduced CT.

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In Vivo Measurements of Cone Photoreceptor Spacing in Myopic Eyes from Images Obtained by an Adaptive Optics Fundus Camera

Cited by 55 publications

References 17 publications

Variation in rod and cone density from the fovea to the mid-periphery in healthy human retinas using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Variation in rod and cone density from the fovea to the mid-periphery in healthy human retinas using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Influence of Macular Choroidal Thickness on Visual Function in Highly Myopic Eyes

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