Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

INTRODUCTION. The purpose of our investigation was to evaluate in a Polish population the role of reading, writing, using a computer, or watching television in the development of myopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In total 5601 students (2688 boys and 2913 girls, 6-18 years of age, mean 11.9 + 3.2 years) were examined. The children examined were Polish students of elementary and secondary schools. In every student cycloplegia after 1% tropicamide was performed. Non-parametric tests were used due to the SE distribution being significantly different from normal distribution in Kolmogorow-Smirnov test. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Rs) was used to evaluate the strength of correlation between these variables. General linear model was used for multivariate analysis. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS. It has been established that with the increase in time spent on reading and writing, the spherical equivalent (SE) of the examined students decreases (Rs = -0.16, p < 0.000001). It was observed that an increase in the time spent working on a computer correlates with the decrease of the SE (Rs = -0.11, p < 0.000001). No relationship between watching television and the spherical equivalent of the examined schoolchildren was found (Rs = +0.01, p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS. Reading, writing, or using a computer may lead to the development of myopia. Watching television has no influence on the incidence of myopia.

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“…In Western countries 25-40% of people have myopia. In the United States the number of myopes has doubled in the past 30 years [1][2][3].…”

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confidence: 99%

The role of reading, writing, using a computer, or watching television in the development of myopia

et al. 2016

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“…22,23 Additionally, as myopia prevalence rises to epidemic levels, 24 improving the diagnostic performance in these cases becomes increasingly relevant. The purpose of this study was to determine whether OCT-based quantification of PPA subsets enhances the glaucoma diagnosis in myopic subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beta and Gamma Peripapillary Atrophy in Myopic Eyes With and Without Glaucoma

Vianna

Malik

Danthurebandara

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To determine whether beta and gamma peripapillary atrophy (PPA) areas measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) enhances glaucoma diagnosis in myopic subjects.METHODS. We included 55 myopic glaucoma patients and 74 myopic nonglaucomatous controls. Beta-PPA comprised the area external to the clinical disc margin, with absence of retinal pigment epithelium and presence of Bruch's membrane. Gamma-PPA comprised the area external to the disc margin, with absence of both RPE and Bruch's membrane. OCT scans colocalized to fundus photographs were used to measure PPA, choroidal thickness, border tissue of Elschnig configuration, optic disc area, and optic disc ovality. 2 , respectively). However, the distributions of both beta-and gamma-PPA in the two groups overlapped widely. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of beta-and gamma-PPA areas were 0.60 and 0.59, respectively. Larger beta-PPA area was associated with larger disc area, thinner choroidal thickness, longer axial length, less oblique border tissue configuration, older age, and greater disc ovality. Larger gamma-PPA area was associated with greater disc ovality, more oblique border tissue configuration, and longer axial length. RESULTS.CONCLUSIONS. Subclassifying PPA with OCT into beta and gamma zones reveals association with different covariates, but does not enhance the diagnostic performance for glaucoma in a population of predominantly Caucasians myopic subjects.

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“…1 Axial elongation, associated with progression of myopia, can lead to adverse mechanical stretching and thinning of the retina, resulting in retinal degenerative changes. 3 For decades, researchers studying myopia have searched for effective ways to slow its progression in children.…”

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Protective Role of Orthokeratology in Reducing Risk of Rapid Axial Elongation: A Reanalysis of Data From the ROMIO and TO-SEE Studies

Cho

Cheung

2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Cho P, Cheung S-W. Protective role of orthokeratology in reducing risk of rapid axial elongation: a reanalysis of data from the ROMIO and TO-SEE studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:141158: -141658: . DOI: 10.1167 PURPOSE. To determine the relative risk of rapid progression and number needed to treat (NNT) in younger and older children using combined data from the retardation of myopia in orthokeratology (ROMIO) and toric orthokeratology-slowing eye elongation (TO-SEE) studies.METHODS. Data from 136 subjects of two studies, ROMIO and TO-SEE, were retrieved (72 orthokeratology [ortho-k]: 37 ROMIO, 35 TO-SEE; 64 control: 41 ROMIO, 23 TO-SEE) and the myopia control effect on younger (6-8 years) and older (9-12 years) subjects evaluated. The rate of axial elongation was classified as not rapid (axial elongation ¼ <0.36 mm/year) or rapid (axial elongation >0.36 mm/year). RESULTS.Cumulative frequency curves showed that the younger subjects in the control group had the greatest and most rapid axial elongation at the end of 24 months. In the younger subjects, ortho-k lens wear significantly reduced the risk of rapid progression by 88.8% (P ¼ 0.002). The 2-year NNT for the younger ortho-k subgroup was 1.8, suggesting that treating just two younger subjects with ortho-k would prevent one subject from experiencing rapid progression over a 2-year period of treatment. The 2-year NNT for the older ortho-k subgroup was 11.8, which was statistically insignificant (P ¼ 0.197).CONCLUSIONS. Orthokeratology significantly reduced risk of rapid progression in younger subjects. Treating just two 6-to 8-year-old subjects with ortho-k instead of single-vision spectacles could prevent one subject from developing rapidly progressing axial elongation during this critical 2-year period.

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Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Cited by 209 publications

References 41 publications

The role of reading, writing, using a computer, or watching television in the development of myopia

The role of reading, writing, using a computer, or watching television in the development of myopia

Beta and Gamma Peripapillary Atrophy in Myopic Eyes With and Without Glaucoma

Protective Role of Orthokeratology in Reducing Risk of Rapid Axial Elongation: A Reanalysis of Data From the ROMIO and TO-SEE Studies

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