The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of merges on crowds in a staircase and the ease of merging with variations in crowd density, directions of merge, and whether the door joining a hallway to a staircase was opened or closed. The results led to the following conclusions: 1) merging is easier at lower population density; 2) merging is easier if the direction of the merging crowd is same as the direction of the crowd in the staircase; and 3) merging is easier if the door is initially opened, and the evacuation speed is decreased by 30% when the door is initially closed.
We consider the case that flame breaks and penetrates the glass window located on the exterior wall after flashover happens in the room/compartment where a fire breaks out. The exterior surface of the facade wall will be heated by convection and radiation produced from the flame and the fire plume ejected out from the broken window. ISO 13785-2 "Reaction-to-fire tests for facades-Part2: Large-scale test" prescribes a test method which can evaluate the effects of fire on the exterior material installed onto the outer wall when heated by the flame issuing from the broken window. Applying the large-scale facade apparatus of ISO 13785-2 with a non-combustible facade, temperature and incident heat flux were measured in the proximity of the exterior of the facade located above the window opening from where the flame originates, in order to measure the heat fluxes that outer wall spandrels will receive from the flame and the fire plume occurring from the opening of combustion chamber when there is no combustible materials located in the facade wall.
Fifteen natural ventilation and twelve forced ventilation compartment fire experiments were conducted in a steel ship wmpartment. Experimental results were used to modify a temperature correlation, developed by Deal and Beyler [I], making it applicable to compartments with conductive boundaries. In addition to validating the temperature correlation using measured vent flow rates, the use of predicted vent flow rates was investigated. The McCaffrey, Quintiere, and Harkleroad (MQH) Method for temperature prediction was modified for use with wnductive boundaries and also compared with experimental results. Each of these methods predicted temperatures with success.
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