A Room Fire Model for Predicting Fire Spread by External Flames.

Heat fluxes and flame heights in façades from fires in enclosures of varying geometry

“…After this ignition the measured heat release rate jumped up to the value corresponding to the designed steady state heat release rate. Inspection and comparison shows that the intermediate plateau value of the heat release rate is equal to 1500 A ffiffiffiffi H p kW as discussed in the previous section and predicted from previous work [11,12].…”

An experimental investigation on temperature profile of buoyant spill plume from under-ventilated compartment fires in a reduced pressure atmosphere at high altitude

“…Façade fire plume is spilled out of the window of an under-ventilated compartment fire when the air inflow is not sufficient to burn the fuel inside the compartment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The façade fire plume outside the window can result in fire spread to upper floor and lead to catastrophic loss of life and property.…”

“…After that, several works [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][18][19][20][21][22] were afterward to investigate the façade fire behavior under different outside constrain and boundary conditions. More recently, Lee and Delichatsios et al [13,14] conducted a series of reduced scale experiments, based on a 0.5 m cubic model, to study the façade flame height and heat flux for the case of under-ventilated fires, and proposed a new length scale to well correlate the experimental data.…”

A Model for Compartment Fire Behavior Incorporating Fire Growth and Vitiation

“…As for the generation rates of carbon dioxide and water vapor, the combustion of methanol is assumed to be complete. The generation rates of carbon dioxide, cd   , and water vapor, wv   , can be expressed as follows [13] …”