Heat fluxes on opposite building wall by flames emerging from an enclosure

Lee, Yee-Ping; Delichatsios, Michael; Ohmiya, Yoshifumi; Wakatsuki, Kaoru; Yanagisawa, Akito; Goto, Daisuke

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.130

Cited by 70 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The theory and methodology is based on the extensive work done in FireSERT and SKLFS China for enclosure and façade fires [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In reference [6] a review of previous works on façade fires are included.…”

Section: Theory and Methodology (Under-ventilated Fires)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results from [1][2][3][4][5] used in this paper are next summarized for under-ventilated fires: 1. The air inflow for the opening:ṁ…”

Section: Theory and Methodology (Under-ventilated Fires)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the opening dimensions increase more air flows into the compartment leading to the change of conditions from under-ventilated to over-ventilated. This cross over occurs when the total mass pyrolysis rate becomes less than the stoichiometric air requirements [1][2][3][4][5]…”

Section: Crossover From Underventilated To Overventilated Conditions mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Vertical safe separation distance between openings in multi-storey buildings having a fire resistant spandrel

Delichatsios

Ryan

Tian

et al. 2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A novel comprehensive methodology is presented for the determination of the vertical separation distance between floor glazing openings in buildings having a fire resistant non-flammable spandrel. The spandrel height is specified by requiring that the heat flux is less than a critical heat flux for glazing failure at the base of the opening of the floor above the floor of fire origin. For a specified room, opening geometries and fuel type, the heat flux at the base of this opening is calculated by using correlations for the flame height and heat flux distribution of the façade flames for under ventilated fire conditions in the compartment of fire origin. As the compartment opening increases a transition occurs from under ventilated to over ventilated conditions reducing the façade fire spread hazard. The methodology and results can also be applied for wooden and lightweight façade walls to predict fire spread behavior on the wall and towards the openings to floors above the floor of fire origin.

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Section: Theory and Methodology (Under-ventilated Fires)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results from [1][2][3][4][5] used in this paper are next summarized for under-ventilated fires: 1. The air inflow for the opening:ṁ…”

Section: Theory and Methodology (Under-ventilated Fires)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vertical safe separation distance between openings in multi-storey buildings having a fire resistant spandrel

Delichatsios

Ryan

Tian

et al. 2016

MATEC Web of Conferences

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“…Furthermore, Lee [17] studied the facade flame behavior with a facing wall opposite to the opening of the compartment. When the separation distance between the facing wall and the facade wall decreases to be less than a characteristic length scale 3 [17], it is found that the mean flame height is higher than that without facing wall because the opposite facing wall impedes the entrainment of fresh air into the flame.…”

Section: Matec Web Of Conferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, a model of facade flame heights has been brought up by Delichatsios et al [12][13][14][15][16][17]. The flames on the facade eject from the compartment opening when the heat release rate in the compartment is higher than the critical value (1500A √ H kW) with the mean facade flame height determined by the excess fuel burning outside the opening as well as by the opening geometry of the compartment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of side walls on facade flame entrainment and flame height from opening in compartment fires

Tang

et al. 2013

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. This paper presents an investigation of the side wall effects on facade flames ejected from the opening (such as a window) of an under-ventilated room fire. Experiments are carried out in a reduced-scale experimental setup, consisting of a cubic fire compartment having an opening with a vertical facade wall and two side walls normal to the façade wall. By changing the distance of the two side walls, the facade flame heights for different opening conditions (width, height) are recorded by a CCD camera. It is found that as the distance of the two side walls decreases the behavior the flame height can be distinguished into two regimes characterized by the dimensionless excess heat release rate,Q * ex , outside the opening: (a) for the "wall fire" (Q * ex ≤ 1.3), the flame height is shown to change little with decrease of side wall distance as the dominant entrainment is from the front direction (normal to the facade wall) independent of the side wall distances; (b) for the "axis-symmetrical fire" (Q * ex > 1.3), the flame height increases significantly with a decrease in side wall distance as both the entrainment from the two side directions (parallel to the facade wall) and that from the front direction (normal to the facade wall) together apply. A global physically based non-dimensional factor K is then brought forward based on the side wall constraint effect on the facade flame entrainment to characterize the side wall effect on the flame height, by accounting for the dimensionless excess heat release rate, the characteristic length scales of the opening as well as the side wall separation distance. The experimental data for different opening dimensions and side wall distances collapse by using this global non-dimensional factor.

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Fire behaviour and external flames in corridor and tunnel‐like enclosures

et al. 2012

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This work investigates how the inflow, the burning and the outflow develop in a corridor open to one end having a fire at either the closed or open end. The situation of a corridor fire having a fire source at the close end is a situation similar to a tunnel having a fire source at the centre of the tunnel without ventilation. A gaseous propane burner is used to produce the fire at a prescribed fuel flow rate in a long corridor of aspect ratio up to 6:1 having a rectangular cross section and varying door‐like openings. Gas temperatures using thermocouple trees, heat fluxes in the corridor and on its façade, flame heights of emerging flames and total heat release rates (HRRs) are measured as the fuel flow rate of propane increases gradually and linearly with time to a preset maximum value. For over‐ventilated conditions, the flames remain near the fire source at the closed end of the corridor. Unexpectedly, it is established for under‐ventilated conditions that the inflow of air is not affected by the aspect ratio of the corridor or the location of the burner in the corridor and that the vertical distribution of gas temperatures inside the enclosure is nearly uniform with height everywhere. In addition, the flame heights and heat fluxes on the façade are the same as those for aspect ratios of the corridor from 1:1 to 3:1 examined in previous work. Moreover, as the conditions changed from over‐ventilated to under‐ventilated conditions, the flames migrated in a ghostly manner from the closed end to the open end of the corridor as soon as under‐ventilated conditions were established. The speed of migration of the flames from the back to the front has also been inferred from the thermocouple tree measurements, which also indicate that the flow conditions ahead and after the passing of the front are changed. These results can be applied to interpret some of the observed behaviours of fires in long corridors or tunnels without ventilation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Heat fluxes on opposite building wall by flames emerging from an enclosure

Cited by 70 publications

References 8 publications

Vertical safe separation distance between openings in multi-storey buildings having a fire resistant spandrel

Vertical safe separation distance between openings in multi-storey buildings having a fire resistant spandrel

Effects of side walls on facade flame entrainment and flame height from opening in compartment fires

Fire behaviour and external flames in corridor and tunnel‐like enclosures

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