Objectives Indonesia is ranked as the 4th highest contributor to tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Semarang District in Central Java displays extremely low case detection rate (CDR), possibly contributing to the local prevalence of TB. Methods A case-control study was performed to explore the factors that cause such low CDR. We recruited 129 TB cases and 83 controls that visited the same centers and were not diagnosed with TB. Results The cases had 7.5 ± 2.3 symptoms/person on average, indicating the delay in diagnosis because the controls only displayed 1.0 ± 1.7. The multiple logistic regression analysis comparing the cases/controls extracted following factors as a risk to have TB: farmer, close contact with TB patients, ignorance of whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was accepted or no, smoking, low income, a lot of people living in the same room, irregular hand wash before meals, not wash hands after blow, soil floor, and no sunlight and no ventilation in the house. Conclusions Neither the cases nor the controls knew the symptoms and how to avoid TB infection, which probably caused the delay in diagnosis. It is difficult to change the current living conditions. Thus, the amendment of the community-based education program of TB seems to be required.

In Semarang district, the population at the companies were 83120 workers. The number of smear positive cases in 2011 were 258 and 3898 suspected tuberculosis. Case-control study was conducted to analyze the risk of TB suspect infection among workers in the factory. We recruited 194 suspects and 197 controls who visited the factory clinic. The most common symptom was coughing with sputum (63 %) and then followed by malaise, chest pain, sweating at night, weight loss, dyspnea, anorexia, cough more than 2 weeks, sub febris and hemoptoe. Around 47 % both of the suspects and controls dont know received Bacillus Calmette-gurin (BCG) or not. The multivariate analysis showed the dominant factors that influence the occurrence of TB suspect, education, income, ashamed of having TB, TB treatment is very costly, and share dish.distribution of health education booklet to teachers and parents.

BackgroundA man-made chemical disaster occurred in the Amur River, leading to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Nanai people indigenous to the river’s surrounding area. PTSD severity measured by the total scores of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) (Total-I) and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) (Total-C) were not always identical in terms of demographic and ethnocultural characters. It is possible that the results derived using the Total-I and Total-C may differ for persons with different backgrounds and/or individual characteristics. In this study, the associations between PTSD severity and personal characteristics were evaluated.MethodsThe study was a field-type survey including 187 randomly selected participants (75 males and 112 females). In addition to Total-I/Total-C, scores for each IES-R/CAPS item, Intrusion, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal, and Ego Structure Test by Ammon (ISTA) score were examined to evaluate their personal characteristics.ResultsNo specific trends in ISTA score were obvious among four groups defined according to Total-I/Total-C. The results of principal component analysis showed that all IES-R/CAPS items contributed positively to the 1st axis but to the 2nd axis in a different manner. ISTA items did not always show correlations to each other, but principal component analysis suggested that Construct contributed positively and Destruct and Deficient (with the exception of Destruct sexuality) contributed negatively. High IES-R scores were associated with Construct Aggression and Deficient Inner demarcation, but high CAPS score was less likely to exhibit Construct Narcissism.ConclusionTo avoid the misdiagnosis of PTSD, usage of both IES-R/CAPS may be required. Simultaneous application of personality/ego tests may be helpful, but appropriate numbers of their questions would be important.

The balance between serine proteases, kallikreins (KLKs), and their inhibitor, Kazal type‐5 (SPINK5), is important to maintain steady desquamation. To explore regulation of SPINK5 expression in skin, its promoters (nucleotide ‐676/‐532 and ‐318/‐146 from the major transcription start site) were subjected to luciferase assay because these two sides displayed high luciferase intensity in NHEK human keratinocyte. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) appeared specific nuclear protein binding to these two sides with almost the same size shift. However, in DNA foot printing, ‐676/‐532 and ‐318/‐146 had no specific sequence protection. Thus, at this moment, we could not confirm the major regulator of SPNK5 gene expression in skin. We, at least, acknowledge that the exploration of the relationship between KLKs and SPINK5 will give crucial information related to skin differentiation/proliferation. (partially supported by Grant‐in‐Aid C‐264607944).